Display omitted
It is critical to develop carbon material anodes with high initial Coulombic efficiency and energy density for sodium ion batteries. Herein, a novel mushroom spore with chitin as ...carbon precursor is first reported for energy storage, and its special porous spherical structure, fine structure and oxygen functional groups can be accurately controlled by carbonization temperature. The hollow porous carbon spheres obtained from mushroom spore at 1400 °C have appropriate porous structure, d002 spacing (0.364 nm), 7.12% oxygen content and ultra-low specific surface area of 5.5 m2 g−1. It could obtain 81.2% initial Coulombic efficiency and has reversible discharge capacity of 411.1 mA h g−1, wherein about 75% (308 mA h g−1) of its total capacity is derived from low-potential plateau (below 0.1 V Na+/Na), and the capacity is 384.5 mA h g−1 after 50 cycles. Furthermore, Density functional theory calculation showed that the residual oxygen functional groups (CO) in carbon materials are beneficial to sodium into graphite-like layers, and graphite-like layers spacing is smaller than the reported unadulterated carbon with 0.37 nm. Therefore, the excellent electrochemical performance and low-cost of natural mushroom spore derived hollow porous carbon spheres provide advantages for sodium ion batteries in large-scale storage devices.
Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have become indispensable in our highly electrified world and are poised to spearhead ongoing technological advancements. Millions of portable devices are powered by ...LIBs, creating a significant demand for anode materials. Infusing green and sustainable ideas into LIBs has become a significant issue due to the high demand, which has led to excessive resource consumption. Green and sustainable carbon resources play a vital role from a life-cycle perspective. This review systematically summarizes the recent advances in green biomass-derived carbon materials and discusses the strategies for recycling spent anode materials. Such a sustainable carbon resource is of great importance for both constructing a green energy system and realizing a closed-loop cycle of carbon resources. Finally, perspectives on the future development of sustainable carbon materials for LIBs are presented.
Sustainable and effective methods for green synthesis of carbon anodes for lithium-ion batteries is reviewed in this work.
•A new morphology of carbon plates were synthesized using natural mushroom spores.•The carbon plates exhibit nano-graphitic layers with a suitable d002-spacing (0.371 nm).•The carbon plates for Na+ ...storage exhibit outstanding specific capacity at low potential plateau (< 0.1 V vs. Na+/Na).•Natural spores with well-defined morphologies provide a vast platform for developing low cost and efficient carbon materials for Na+ storage.
Biomass derived hard carbon has been considered a sustainable solution for sodium ion storage to improve the energy density of sodium ion batteries for low cost and large-scale energy storage. However, developing this kind of carbon materials with high specific capacity at low-potential platform is a critical issue. Herein, a new structure of hard carbon plate was developed via pyrolysis of mushroom spore (Ganoderma lucidum). The spore is mainly composed of chitin, distinguished from the lignin and cellulose in widely investigated biomass. The carbon plates obtained at 1400 °C have a suitable d002-spacing (0.371 nm) and ultra-low surface area down to 14.7 m2 g−1, resulting in a high reversible total discharge capacity of 305.8 mA h g−1 with an exceptional discharge capacity of 188.0 mA h g−1 at low-potential platform (0–0.1 V vs. Na+/Na) and excellent cycle stability as anode for SIBs. Meanwhile, the proportion of low-potential capacity in total capacity is 61.5%, which is significantly superior to previously reported carbon materials prepared using biomass from advanced plants. Furthermore, a full-cell constructed using the carbon plates as anode and sodium vanadate phosphate as cathode further validates the outstanding Na+ storage performance at low-potential, in which the battery delivers a high working voltage of 3.25 V, approaching the discharge potential of 3.3 V of sodium vanadate phosphate and a considerable energy density of 199.2 W h kg−1 (based on the total mass of cathode and anode). And it is also revealed that this high capacity for Na+ storage in the low potential range is attributed to the intercalation mechanism of NaC6 as the most possible intercalation compound. The hard carbon derived from natural spores in the work presents a new route to design low cost and efficient carbon materials as advanced anode for SIBs.
Display omitted
Display omitted
Ammonia oxidation reaction (AOR) via electrocatalysis is one of the most efficient ways of utilizing ammonia (a zero-carbon fuel with high hydrogen content) for renewable energy ...systems. However, AOR seriously suffers from the slow kinetics, and low durability due to its multi-electron transfer process and the poison of the reaction intermediates (Nads and NOads) to precious metal catalysts. Herein, hyperbranched concave octahedral nanodendrites of PtIrCu (HCOND) with high-index facets of {553}, {331} and {221} were developed for the first time using a solvothermal method. The HCOND possesses PtIr-rich edges and exhibit highly efficient AOR activity and stability in alkaline media, wherein their onset potential is 0.35 V vs.RHE, which is 60 mV and 160 mV lower than that of the PtIrCu nanoparticles (NPs) (0.41 V) and commercial Pt/C (0.51 V), respectively, and its high mass activity of 40.6 A gPtIr-1 at the 0.5 V vs.RHE is 10.3 times, 2.34 times higher than that of commercial Pt/C (3.9 A gPt-1) and PtIrCu NPs (17.3 A gPtIr–1), respectively. In addition, its peak current density (122.9 A gPtIr-1) is only reduced by 17.7% after 2000-cycles accelerated durability test. Meanwhile, the performance of PtIrCu HCOND is also better than that of other previously reported morphologies of Pt based catalysts (eg. nanoparticles, nanocubes, nanofilm, nanoflowers). The improvement is critically ascribed to unique advantages of the specific HCOND structure including PtIr rich surface, high-index faceted nanodendrites, strong lattice strain and electronic effects. These characteristics endow the HCOND with great promise to reduce Pt and Ir loading dramatically in the practical application of direct ammonia fuel cells.
Display omitted
•Co-N-CNT-CF is fabricated by growth Co-MOF and a straightforward CVD process.•DFT results confirm Co@G and N-CNT provide multitudinous lithiophilic sites.•Co-N-CNT-CF substrate ...exhibits outstanding electrochemical performance.
Lithium (Li) metal is an impeccable candidate anode for satisfying the energy density requirements of next-generation Li batteries. However, Li dendritic growth and fragile solid-elecrolyte interphase (SEI) caused by the high reactivity between Li and electrolyte are the primary challenges for its large-scale applications. Herein, a bifunctional lithiophilic hierarchical substrate composed of high-density nitrogen-doped carbon nanotubes and Co nanoparticles encapsulated in graphene (Co@G) decorated carbon fibers (Co-N-CNT-CF) can modulate the structural dimensions and hierarchy of Li nucleation/growth and alleviate Li volume expansion, achieving the homogeneous Li plating/stripping behavior. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations and experimental results confirm the highly lithiophilicity of the substrate, which exhibits a low Li nucleation overpotential, enhanced Coulombic efficiency (CE), small voltage hysteresis, and ultrastable lifespan without dendritic formation. As coupled with the thick LiFePO4 and LiCoO2 (∼2 mA h cm−2) cathodes, the Co-N-CNT-CF@Li composite anode (N/P = 3) enables a high reversible capacity, high Li utilization, and improved cycle stability. This work engineers a hierarchical structure of the three-dimensional (3D) lithiophilic carbon substrate for realizing highly reversible, dendritic-free Li metal anodes.
Developing carbon materials with well-defined morphologies using renewable feedstocks is highly desirable for electrochemical energy storage application. Herein, we report a new class of hierarchical ...porous oviform carbon capsules with double-layer shells, which were synthesized via pyrolysis using the mushroom spores of ganoderma lucidum (mainly comprise chitin) and sodium phytate as precursors and activator, respectively. The resultant one-of-a-kind spores derived carbon capsules as anode for sodium ion battery exhibits a high reversible capacity of 311.5 mA h g−1 at a current density of 0.1 A g−1 and outstanding cyclic stability at current density of 5 A g−1, in which the reversible capacity is 125.0 mA h g−1 and after 5000 charge/discharge cycles, the capacity is 111.1 mA h g−1 with the retention rate of approximately 88.8%. Furthermore, a full cell constructed using the carbon capsules and Na3V2(PO4)3 as anode and cathode respectively shows 158.2 mA h g−1 at 1 A g−1 and maintains high capacity after 500 cycles, further indicating their excellent performance for sodium storage. This outstanding performance for electrochemical Na+ storage is critically ascribed to the specific morphology with double-layered hierarchical porous hollow structure derive from spores. Meanwhile, this work provides a new designing platform for synthesizing advanced carbon materials for electrochemical storage application using the diversity of mushroom spores in nature.
Display omitted
•Hierarchical porous oviform carbon capsules with double-layer shells was synthesized using mushroom spores.•Sodium phytate as a new activator plays a critical role for the formation of such double-layered carbon capsules.•The resultant carbon capsules as anode for sodium ion battery all exhibit outstanding electrochemical performance.•Carbon capsules with well-defined morphology derived from mushroom spores hold a great promise for ion storage application.
Sodium deposition behavior in carbon hosts has been invested in terms of the carbon species and SEI layer.
Display omitted
Sodium metal batteries (SMBs) have attracted increasing attention over time ...due to their abundance of sodium resources and low cost. However, the widespread application of SMBs as a viable technology remains a great challenge, such as uneven metallic deposition and dendrite formation during cycling. Carbon skeletons as sodiophilic hosts can alleviate the dendrite formation during the plating/stripping. For the carbon skeleton, how to rationalize the design sodiophilic interfaces between the sodium metal and carbon species remains key to developing desirable Na anodes. Herein, we fabricated four kinds of structural features for carbon skeletons using conventional calcination and flash Joule heating. The roles of conductivity, defects, oxygen content, and the distribution of graphite for the deposition of metallic sodium were discussed in detail. Based on interface engineering, the J1600 electrode, which has abundant Na-C species on its surface, showed the highest sodiophilic. There are uniform and rich F-Na species distributed in the inner solid electrolyte interface layer. This study investigated the different Na-deposition behavior in carbon hosts with distinct graphitic arrangements to pave the way for designing and optimizing advanced electrode materials.
In order to obtain high performance, economic and environmentally friendly supercapacitor electrodes, lignin is converted into lignin-based phenolic resin and spun with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) to ...obtain lignin-derived carbon membrane (LCM). Then LCM is used as substrate, and α-Fe2O3/LCM and LCM@ppy-10 composite materials are prepared as positive and negative electrodes, respectively, of supercapacitor electrodes. The results show that the composite electrodes have excellent electrochemical performance. At the current density of 1 mA cm−2, α-Fe2O3/LCM and LCM@ppy-10 show a high area specific capacitance of 487 mF cm−2 and 440 mF cm−2, respectively. The capacitance of the symmetrical button cells assembled by each electrode almost shows stability after 5000 cycles. In different systems, such as asymmetric aqueous supercapacitor and solid-state asymmetric supercapacitor, the composite electrodes also have excellent performance. The voltage of asymmetric supercapacitors is 1.6 V with area specific capacitance of 101 mF cm−2 at 1 mA cm−2. After 10,000 cycles at 2 mA cm−2, the specific capacitance decreases by only 5 %. The area specific capacitance and volume specific capacitance of solid-state asymmetric supercapacitor is 89 mF cm−2 and 1.74 F cm−3, respectively, at 1 mA cm−2. The maximum energy density and maximum power density of the solid-state asymmetric supercapacitor can reach 0.62 mWh cm−3 and 77.2 mW cm−3. This method can provide a new reference for the preparation of composite electrode with LCM as current collector.
Display omitted
•Lignin based phenolic resin (LCM) was obtained by using lignin as raw material.•α-Fe2O3/LCM and LCM@PPy-10 were prepared and used as electrodes.•α-Fe2O3/LCM and LCM@PPy-10 electrodes show high area specific capacitance and good cycle stability.•Assembled asymmetric supercapacitors have wide working voltage window, and high energy density and power density.
Hard carbon is one of the most promising anode materials that can be commercialized on a large scale for sodium ion batteries due to its resource abundance, cost-effectiveness, and high sodium ...storage capacity. Nevertheless, the improvement of high initial Coulombic efficiency and high energy density remains an urgent problem to be solved for the commercialization of sodium-ion batteries (SIBs). Herein, poplar wood was used as the precursor to prepare multi-channel rod structure hard carbon via one-step high-temperature thermal decomposition. The results showed that the microstructure and surface chemical composition of poplar-derived hard carbon can be adjusted by changing the carbonization temperature. Due to its unique multi-channel rod structure, suitable d(002)-spacing (0.370 nm) and ultra-low specific surface area (8.9 m2 g−1), the PHC-1600 exhibits a high reversible capacity of 325 mA h g−1 at current density of 50 mA g−1. It shows a capacity of 245 mA h g−1 at low-potential plateau (75 %). At the same time, the PHC-1600 also exhibits a high initial Coulombic efficiency of 88.3 % and good electrochemical property. The ex-situ XRD and CV revealed that PHCs is dominated by intercalation mechanism. This work provides a new perspective from biomass for the development of outstanding electrochemical performance anode materials with highly profitable and environment-friendly.
Display omitted
•A novel multi-channel rod structure of PHC samples were prepared by using natural poplar wood.•PHC exhibits suitable multi-channel rod structure, d(002)-spacing and ultra-low specific surface area.•PHC-1600 exhibits high initial coulombic efficiency (88.3 %).
Hard carbon is the most commonly used anode material for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs). However, it has the drawback of having inferior capacity at high rates due to low ion-diffusion kinetics. ...Rational design of hard carbon with a hierarchical pore structure and multichannel structure can address this issue. Herein, we introduced an electrospinning method for preparing flexible carbon nanofibers as a freestanding anode for SIBs. The pore structure can be modified by adjusting the amount of Pluronic F-127 (F127) added to the spinning solution. This strategy results in the formation of numerous micropores and mesopores, along with pore-derived defects, effectively increasing the number of sites available for sodium storage. The existence of multichannel facilitates the migration of sodium ions. PCNF-1 possesses an appropriate pore structure with the least amount of added pore-forming agent exhibits exceptional electrochemical performance. It delivers a reversible capacity of 286 mA h g−1 at a current density of 50 mA g−1 with an initial Coulombic efficiency (ICE) of 82 %. At 5 A g−1, it delivers a capacity of 211 mAh g−1. Furthermore, it demonstrates a high retention rate of 79 % at 1 A g−1 even after 1000 cycles. Notably, in full-cell tests, PCNF-1, when paired with a Na3V2(PO4)3 cathode, achieved a specific capacity of 253 mA h g−1 in the second cycle and maintained a retention rate of 51 % after 200 cycles at a current density of 1 A g−1.
Display omitted
•Flexible carbon nanofibers for sodium-ion batteries were prepared by electrospinning method.•F127 was used to create hierarchical pore structure and multichannel structure.•PCNF-1 delivers a reversible capacity of 286 mA h g−1 at a current density of 50 mA g−1.
