2D half‐metallic materials that have sparked intense interest in advanced spintronic applications are essential to the developing next‐generation nanospintronic devices. This study has adopted a ...first‐principles calculation method to predict the magnetic properties of intrinsic, Se‐doped, and biaxial strain tuning Cr2AsP monolayer. The Janus Cr2AsP monolayer is proven to be an intrinsic ferromagnetic (FM) semiconductor with an exchange splitting bandgap of 0.15 eV at the PBE+U level. Concentration‐dependent Se doping, such as Cr2As1−x$_{1-x}$SexP (x = 0.25, 0.50, 0.75), can regulate Cr2AsP from FM semiconductor to FM half‐metallicity. Specifically, the spin‐up channel crosses the Fermi level, while the spin‐down channel has a bandgap. More interestingly, the wide half‐metallic bandgaps and spin bandgaps make them have important implications for the preparation of spintronic devices. At last, it also explore the effect of biaxial strain from ‐14% to 10% on the magnetism of the Cr2AsP monolayer. There appears a transition from FM to antiferromagnetic (AFM) at a compressive strain of ‐10.7%, originating from the competition between the indirect FM superexchange interaction and the direct AFM interaction between the nearest neighboring Cr atoms. Additionally, when the compressive strain is ‐2% or the tensile strain is 6%, the semiconducting Cr2AsP becomes a half‐metallic material. These charming properties render the Janus Cr2AsP monolayer with great potential for applications in spintronic devices.
Abstract
2D half‐metallic materials that have sparked intense interest in advanced spintronic applications are essential to the developing next‐generation nanospintronic devices. This study has ...adopted a first‐principles calculation method to predict the magnetic properties of intrinsic, Se‐doped, and biaxial strain tuning Cr
2
AsP monolayer. The Janus Cr
2
AsP monolayer is proven to be an intrinsic ferromagnetic (FM) semiconductor with an exchange splitting bandgap of 0.15 eV at the PBE+U level. Concentration‐dependent Se doping, such as Cr
2
AsSe
x
P (x = 0.25, 0.50, 0.75), can regulate Cr
2
AsP from FM semiconductor to FM half‐metallicity. Specifically, the spin‐up channel crosses the Fermi level, while the spin‐down channel has a bandgap. More interestingly, the wide half‐metallic bandgaps and spin bandgaps make them have important implications for the preparation of spintronic devices. At last, it also explore the effect of biaxial strain from ‐14% to 10% on the magnetism of the Cr
2
AsP monolayer. There appears a transition from FM to antiferromagnetic (AFM) at a compressive strain of ‐10.7%, originating from the competition between the indirect FM superexchange interaction and the direct AFM interaction between the nearest neighboring Cr atoms. Additionally, when the compressive strain is ‐2% or the tensile strain is 6%, the semiconducting Cr
2
AsP becomes a half‐metallic material. These charming properties render the Janus Cr
2
AsP monolayer with great potential for applications in spintronic devices.
SUMMARY
Acer truncatum (purpleblow maple) is a woody tree species that produces seeds with high levels of valuable fatty acids (especially nervonic acid). However, the lack of a complete genome ...sequence has limited both basic and applied research on A. truncatum. We describe a high‐quality draft genome assembly comprising 633.28 Mb (contig N50 = 773.17 kb; scaffold N50 = 46.36 Mb) with at least 28 438 predicted genes. The genome underwent an ancient triplication, similar to the core eudicots, but there have been no recent whole‐genome duplication events. Acer yangbiense and A. truncatum are estimated to have diverged about 9.4 million years ago. A combined genomic, transcriptomic, metabonomic, and cell ultrastructural analysis provided new insights into the biosynthesis of very long‐chain monounsaturated fatty acids. In addition, three KCS genes were found that may contribute to regulating nervonic acid biosynthesis. The KCS paralogous gene family expanded to 28 members, with 10 genes clustered together and distributed in the 0.27‐Mb region of pseudochromosome 4. Our chromosome‐scale genomic characterization may facilitate the discovery of agronomically important genes and stimulate functional genetic research on A. truncatum. Furthermore, the data presented also offer important foundations from which to study the molecular mechanisms influencing the production of nervonic acids.
Significance Statement
Here, we provide the first report on the Acer truncatum genome. Our work provides extensive genetic resources necessary for very long‐chain monounsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis.
Although monosodium urate (MSU) crystals are known to trigger inflammation, published data on soluble uric acid (sUA) in this context are discrepant. We hypothesized that diverse sUA preparation ...methods account for this discrepancy and that an animal model with clinically relevant levels of asymptomatic hyperuricemia and gouty arthritis can ultimately clarify this issue. To test this, we cultured human monocytes with different sUA preparation solutions and found that solubilizing uric acid (UA) by prewarming created erroneous results because of UA microcrystal contaminants triggering IL-1β release. Solubilizing UA with NaOH avoided this artifact, and this microcrystal-free preparation suppressed LPS- or MSU crystal-induced monocyte activation, a process depending on the intracellular uptake of sUA via the urate transporter SLC2A9/GLUT9. CD14
monocytes isolated from hyperuricemic patients were less responsive to inflammatory stimuli compared with monocytes from healthy individuals. Treatment with plasma from hyperuricemic patients impaired the inflammatory function of CD14
monocytes, an effect fully reversible by removing sUA from hyperuricemic plasma. Moreover, Alb-creERT2;
mice with hyperuricemia (serum UA of 9-11 mg/dl) showed a suppressed inflammatory response to MSU crystals compared with
controls without hyperuricemia. Taken together, we unravel a technical explanation for discrepancies in the published literature on immune effects of sUA and identify hyperuricemia as an intrinsic suppressor of innate immunity, in which sUA modulates the capacity of monocytes to respond to danger signals. Thus, sUA is not only a substrate for the formation of MSU crystals but also an intrinsic inhibitor of MSU crystal-induced tissue inflammation.
The roles of asymptomatic hyperuricemia or uric acid (UA) crystals in CKD progression are unknown. Hypotheses to explain links between UA deposition and progression of CKD include that (
) ...asymptomatic hyperuricemia does not promote CKD progression unless UA crystallizes in the kidney; (
) UA crystal granulomas may form due to pre-existing CKD; and (
) proinflammatory granuloma-related M1-like macrophages may drive UA crystal-induced CKD progression.
MALDI-FTICR mass spectrometry, immunohistochemistry, 3D confocal microscopy, and flow cytometry were used to characterize a novel mouse model of hyperuricemia and chronic UA crystal nephropathy with granulomatous nephritis. Interventional studies probed the role of crystal-induced inflammation and macrophages in the pathology of progressive CKD.
Asymptomatic hyperuricemia alone did not cause CKD or drive the progression of aristolochic acid I-induced CKD. Only hyperuricemia with UA crystalluria due to urinary acidification caused tubular obstruction, inflammation, and interstitial fibrosis. UA crystal granulomas surrounded by proinflammatory M1-like macrophages developed late in this process of chronic UA crystal nephropathy and contributed to the progression of pre-existing CKD. Suppressing M1-like macrophages with adenosine attenuated granulomatous nephritis and the progressive decline in GFR. In contrast, inhibiting the JAK/STAT inflammatory pathway with tofacitinib was not renoprotective.
Asymptomatic hyperuricemia does not affect CKD progression unless UA crystallizes in the kidney. UA crystal granulomas develop late in chronic UA crystal nephropathy and contribute to CKD progression because UA crystals trigger M1-like macrophage-related interstitial inflammation and fibrosis. Targeting proinflammatory macrophages, but not JAK/STAT signaling, can attenuate granulomatous interstitial nephritis.
Low temperature is one of the most prominent environmental factors affecting plant growth. As a deciduous arboreal tree,
Acer palmatum
has considerable ornamental and economic value; however, the ...molecular mechanisms underlying cold stress regulation in this species have yet to be determined. In this study, we performed Illumina high-throughput sequencing of 18 libraries obtained from
A. palmatum
subjected to cold treatment and subsequently identified a differentially expressed R2R3-MYB family gene,
ApMYB77
, which was then cloned and functionally characterized. The expression of
ApMYB77
was induced by cold and drought treatments, and overexpression in
A. thaliana
enhanced the freezing tolerance (− 9 °C for 6 h) of transgenic plants compared with that of wild-type plants. The survival rates of transgenic plants (89% and 92%) were significantly higher than the wild-type plants (52%). Moreover, the transcript abundances of CBF-dependent regulatory pathway genes (
AtCBF1
,
AtCBF2
,
AtCBF3
,
AtCBF4
,
AtCOR6.6A
,
AtCOR15B
,
AtCOR78
,
AtCOR414
, and
AtKIN1
) were found to be significantly up-regulated in the transgenic lines. Enhanced abscisic acid (ABA)-dependent drought tolerance in transgenic plants was a further consequence of the overexpression of
ApMYB77
following treatment of 15% polyethylene glycol for 4 d, compared with that in wild-type plants. In contrast, the expressions of genes (
AtANAC072
,
AtDREB2A
,
AtERD1
,
AtMYB2
,
AtRD20
, and
AtRD29A
) positively regulated by ABA were activated. Overall, the findings of this study indicate that
ApMYB77
confers both freezing and drought tolerances.
As the direct recipients of plant abscisic acid (ABA), pyrabactin resistance/pyrabactin resistance-like/regulatory component of ABA receptor proteins (PYR/PYL/RCAR; hereinafter called PYLs) play ...pivotal roles in plant coercive responses. However, the PYL genes in Acer palmatum have yet to be investigated. In this study, using a genome search method, we identified 14 A. palmatum PYL genes (ApPYLs) and clustered them into three clades based on the phylogenetic, gene structure, and conserved motif analyses. The ApPYLs were dispersed on eight chromosomes of A. palmatum; cis-acting element analysis indicated that the ApPYLs were involved in biological processes, including resistance, hormone regulation, and growth. Gene expression profiling of cold-treated A. palmatum plants revealed that ApPYL1 and ApPYL2 may be related to cold stress response. ApPYL1 and ApPYL2 interacted directly with ApMYB44, and the ApPYL1, ApPYL2, and ApMYB44 genes were found to enhance freezing tolerance in Arabidopsis. These findings illustrate that ApPYL1 and ApPYL2 respond to the cold signalling pathway by interacting with ApMYB44 and provide a reference for improving cold resistance of plants.
•Fourteen PYL genes in three subgroups were identified in the A. palmatum genome.•ApPYL1 and ApPYL2 were highly expressed after exposure to cold stress.•ApPYL1 and ApPYL2 overexpression improved frost resistance in A. thaliana.•ApPYL1/ApPYL2–ApMYB44 complex may be involved in cold signalling response.
Abstract
The v-myb avian myeloblastosis viral oncogene homolog (MYB) family of transcription factors is extensively distributed across the plant kingdom. However, the functional significance of red ...maple (Acer rubrum) MYB transcription factors remains unclear. Our research identified 393 MYB transcription factors in the Acer rubrum genome, and these ArMYB members were unevenly distributed across 34 chromosomes. Among them, R2R3 was the primary MYB sub-class, which was further divided into 21 sub-groups with their Arabidopsis homologs. The evolution of the ArMYB family was also investigated, with the results revealing several R2R3-MYB sub-groups with expanded membership in woody species. Here, we report on the isolation and characterization of ArMYB89 in red maple. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis revealed that ArMYB89 expression was significantly up-regulated in red leaves in contrast to green leaves. Sub-cellular localization experiments indicated that ArMYB89 was localized in the nucleus. Further experiments revealed that ArMYB89 could interact with ArSGT1 in vitro and in vivo. Overexpression of ArMYB89 in tobacco enhances the anthocyanin content of transgenic plants. In conclusion, our results contribute to the elucidation of a theoretical basis for the ArMYB gene family, and provide a foundation for further characterization of the biological roles of MYB genes in the regulation of Acer rubrum leaf color.
Neutrophils are key players during host defense and sterile inflammation. Neutrophil dysfunction is a characteristic feature of the acquired immunodeficiency during kidney disease. We speculated that ...the impaired renal clearance of the intrinsic purine metabolite soluble uric acid (sUA) may account for neutrophil dysfunction. Indeed, hyperuricemia (HU, serum UA of 9-12 mg/dL) related or unrelated to kidney dysfunction significantly diminished neutrophil adhesion and extravasation in mice with crystal- and coronavirus-related sterile inflammation using intravital microscopy and an air pouch model. This impaired neutrophil recruitment was partially reversible by depleting UA with rasburicase. We validated these findings in vitro using either neutrophils or serum from patients with kidney dysfunction–related HU with or without UA depletion, which partially normalized the defective migration of neutrophils. Mechanistically, sUA impaired β2 integrin activity and internalization/recycling by regulating intracellular pH and cytoskeletal dynamics, physiological processes that are known to alter the migratory and phagocytic capability of neutrophils. This effect was fully reversible by blocking intracellular uptake of sUA via urate transporters. In contrast, sUA had no effect on neutrophil extracellular trap formation in neutrophils from healthy subjects or patients with kidney dysfunction. Our results identify an unexpected immunoregulatory role of the intrinsic purine metabolite sUA, which contrasts the well-known immunostimulatory effects of crystalline UA. Specifically targeting UA may help to overcome certain forms of immunodeficiency, for example in kidney dysfunction, but may enhance sterile forms of inflammation.
•Hyperuricemia suppresses neutrophil adhesion and extravasation during sterile inflammation.•Uric acid impairs neutrophil migration by suppressing β2 integrin activity/recycling and cytoskeletal dynamics upon urate transporter–mediated uric acid uptake.
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