In this study, a high-throughput screening procedure was employed to generate mutants of Spirulina platensis for enhanced astaxanthin production using an atmospheric and room temperature plasma ...(ARTP) based on random mutagenesis process. The optimal culture conditions for cultivation of S. platensis in the laboratory were established to be 29°C, 6.3×10−3μmol/cm2/s light intensity and a semi-continuous culture system. On the basis of the ARTP screening procedure, a mutant strain (Sp-A1) was successfully isolated, which showed astaxanthin production of 45.88±1.56μg/g, a 196% increase over that of the original wild type strain (15.50±1.52μg/g). The mutant strain accumulated higher content of chlorophyll a than that of the original wild type strain, whereas the β-carotene and polysaccharide contents as well as the superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity of the mutant strain were slightly lower. Under a single stress of 0.625g/L NaNO3, astaxanthin accumulation of mutant strain Sp-A1 reached 0.038±0.002μg/mL after 7days of culture, which was equivalent to 142.50±0.04μg/g of the astaxanthin content versus the dried S. platensis weight. This study demonstrates that ARTP is a novel powerful mutagenesis tool to generate S. platensis strains for increased yields of astaxanthin and may, therefore, play an important role in the enhanced expression of astaxanthin in microbial hosts.
•Optimal culture conditions of S. platensis growth in the laboratory were explored.•ARTP mutagenesis system was successfully performed to produce S. platensis mutants, screened with β-ionone.•The astaxanthin content of the mutant strain increased by 196% over wild type production.•The astaxanthin content under nitrogen stress reached 142.50±0.04μg/g.
•Dyslipidemia prevalence increased over time from 4.88 % in 2005 to 19.66 % in 2018 among Chinese mental disorder inpatients.•Male, increased age, schizophrenia, antipsychotics use was related to ...higher dyslipidemia prevalence.•Dyslipidemia prevention and control programs among mental disorder inpatients are urgently needed.
To evaluate dyslipidemia prevalence and trends among adult mental disorder inpatients in Beijing from 2005 to 2018.
This is a longitudinal observational study. Data of electronic health record of 19 psychiatry specialized hospitals in Beijing was obtained. The participants were adult inpatients who admitted in these hospitals between 2005 and 2018. Dyslipidemia was diagnosed according to ICD-10 code. Overall and annual prevalence of dyslipidemia was calculated. Dyslipidemia prevalence stratified by age group and mental disorder types was calculated. Univariate and multivariate logistic regressions were used to analyses the risk factors associated with dyslipidemia among mental disorder inpatients including demographic characteristics, comorbidities, schizophrenia and antipsychotics use.
157,570 adult mental disorder inpatients were included in the study. Dyslipidemia prevalence increased over time from 4.88 % (4.33 %–5.43 %) in 2005 to 19.66 % (19.00 %–20.33 %) in 2018. The increased trends were similar in all age groups, with the highest prevalence observed in ≥60 years age group. Dyslipidemia prevalence was 18.36 % (18.06 %–18.67 %), 14.70 % (13.99 %–15.41 %), 11.63 % (11.26 %–12.01 %) among inpatients with schizophrenia, recurrent depressive disorder, bipolar disorder. Results from multivariate logistic regressions showed that dyslipidemia was related to male, increased age, divorced or widow (OR = 1.18, 95 %CI: 1.12−1.24), hypertension (OR = 1.63, 95 %CI: 1.57−1.70), diabetes (OR = 1.92, 95 %CI: 1.84−2.00), fatty liver (OR = 2.61, 95 %CI: 2.51−2.72), schizophrenia (OR = 1.66, 95 %CI: 1.61−1.72), antipsychotics use (OR = 1.71, 95 %CI: 1.65−1.77).
Dyslipidemia prevalence was high among adult mental disorder inpatients in Beijing, and increased between 2005 and 2018 in all age groups. The risk of dyslipidemia increased with age. Schizophrenia was associated with higher dyslipidemia prevalence. These finding highlight the urgent need for dyslipidemia prevention and control programs among mental disorder inpatients.
Quantitative real-time reverse transcriptase PCR (qRT-PCR) technology has been extensively used to estimate gene expression levels, and the selection of appropriate reference genes for qRT-PCR ...analysis is critically important for obtaining authentic normalized data. Acer palmatum is an important colorful leaf ornamental tree species, and reference genes suitable for normalization of the qRT-PCR data obtained from this species have not been investigated. In this study, the expression stability of ten candidate reference genes, namely, Actin3,Actin6, Actin9, EF1α, PP2A, SAMDC, TIP41, TUBα, TUBβ and UBQ10, in two distinct tissues (leaves and roots) of A. palmatum under four different abiotic stress conditions (cold, heat, salt and drought) were investigated and assessed using three statistical methods (GeNorm, NormFinder and BestKeeper). The combinations of reference genes that showed stability in the different stressed samples differed. Specifically, Actin6, UBQ10 and Actin9 were the most stable reference genes in all the samples, and Actin3 and Actin6 wexre stably expressed in coldstressed leaves and roots. Actin3, Actin6 and UBQ10 were identified as an appropriate combination of reference genes for the analysis of heat-stressed leaves and roots, whereas the combination of Actin9, UBQ10 and Actin6 was deemed the most suitable for the analysis of salt-stressed leaves and roots. Similarly, Actin6and UBQ10 exhibited stable expression in drought-stressed leaves and roots. Furthermore, the expression levels of CBF, Cu/Zn-SOD and HsfA1 were estimated to determine the reliability of the reference genes assessed in this study. This study revealed stable reference genes in A. palmatum that might be used for the normalization of qRT-PCR data obtained under various abiotic stresses.
•Phage display library consisted of whole P. acnes genome was constructed, which size was 105.•After three rounds of biopanning, ten common proteins of P. acnes and A. pleuropneumoniae serotype 1 ...were acquired, and six epitopes of these proteins were predicted.•Three peptides – Ba1, Bb5 and C1–had well antigenicity.•Ba1, Bb5 and C1 could primarily induce humoral immune response in mice.•Alone or combined immunization of Ba1, Bb5 could significantly induced heterologous protection challenged with A. pleuropneumoniae in mice.
Contagious porcine pleuropneumonia (CPP), caused by Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (APP), is a highly transmissible and fatal respiratory illness that causes tremendous economic losses for the pig breeding industry worldwide. Propionibacterium acnes (PA) has a strong cross-reaction with anti-APP1 and anti-APP5 serum and can efficiently prevent APP infection, which was fortuitously found in researching the differential gene between the different APP serotypes. There seems to be some natural cross-protection between PA and APP. To identify the common epitope, the phage display library of a PA whole genome was constructed, whose size is 105. The DNA sequence of the positive clone was determined after three rounds of biopanning, and ten common protein types were identified and the epitope was predicted by computer software. Six peptide epitopes were selected and synthesized for further analysis. Among these epitopes, Ba1, Bb5 and C1 could bind to anti-PA serum and anti-APP1 serum and vice versa. Furthermore, the IgG and IL-4 levels and CD4+/CD8+ T cell ratios in the Ba1, Bb5 and C1 groups were significantly higher than that in the control group, indicating that the epitopes could trigger an immune response, which was mainly humoral immunity. Moreover, Ba1 and Bb5 equally protected 80% of mice from a fatal dose of APP1 infection compared with the control group. Mice could resist APP1 and APP5 challenge after being treated with the combination of Ba1 and Bb5, with survival rates of 80% and 90%, respectively. These findings suggest that the PA epitope confers antigenicity and can heterologously resist to the APP infection. This finding provides a novel strategy for preventing APP infection.
ObjectiveWe aim to investigate the prevalence, trends, and major risk factors of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) among adult psychiatric inpatients in Beijing, China.Research design and methodsWe did ...a longitudinal observational study using data from the Beijing Municipal Commission of Health and Family Planning Information Center, including 157 570 adult psychiatric inpatients in 19 specialized psychiatric hospitals from 2005 to 2018 in Beijing. Data on demographic characteristics and antipsychotic medication use were obtained from electronic health records. Schizophrenia, T2DM, and comorbidities were defined according to the International Classification of Diseases, 10th revision codes of discharge diagnosis. The overall prevalence of T2DM in adult psychiatric inpatients was calculated, and the annual prevalence of T2DM was calculated and adjusted to the overall participant population. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to obtain crude ORs and adjusted ORs (aORs) on the risk of T2DM in patients with different demographic characteristics, schizophrenia, antipsychotic medication use, and different comorbidities. Age-specific prevalence of T2DM under a stratification of schizophrenia or other psychiatric disorders was calculated in the subgroup analysis.ResultsOut of 157 570 adult inpatients, 16 939 had T2DM, with a prevalence of 10.75% (95% CI 10.60% to 10.90%). The prevalence was 11.63% (95% CI 11.37% to 11.88%) among patients with schizophrenia and 10.17% (95% CI 9.98% to 10.37%) among patients with other psychiatric disorders. During 2005–2018, the prevalence of T2DM in adult patients increased over the years, from an adjusted prevalence of 5.20% in 2005, to 10.98% in 2010, 12.50% in 2015, and 12.71% in 2018. Results from the multivariate analysis showed that increasing age, diagnosis of schizophrenia (aOR=1.23, 95% CI 1.18 to 1.29), and comorbidities of hypertension (aOR=3.09, 95% CI 2.97 to 3.22), lipid disorders (aOR=1.95, 95% CI 1.88 to 2.04), and fatty liver (aOR=1.93, 95% CI 1.84 to 2.03) were major risk factors of T2DM in adult psychiatric inpatients.ConclusionsThe prevalence of T2DM was high among adult psychiatric inpatients in Beijing, China. Elderly patients, those with schizophrenia, and those with hypertension, lipid disorders, and fatty liver had higher prevalence of T2DM. Prevention and treatment of T2DM are of utmost relevance in hospitalized psychiatric patients.
•Apa2H1 is the head domain of Apa2 trimeric autotransporter adhesin.•Apa2H1 activates mouse bone marrow-derived dendritic cells.•Apa2H1 vaccination triggers a mixed Th1/Th2-type immune ...response.•Immunization of Apa2H1 protects against Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae infection.
Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae is the causative pathogen of porcine pleuropneumonia, which results in large economic losses in the pig industry worldwide. There are, however, no effective subunit vaccines are available in the market owing to the various serotypes and the absence of cross-protection against this pathogen. Therefore, the selection of protective components is of great significance for vaccine development. We previously showed that trimeric autotransporter adhesins are important virulence factors of A. pleuropneumoniae. To determine the potential role in vaccine development of the functional head domain (Apa2H1) of Apa2, a trimeric autotransporter adhesin found in A. pleuropneumoniae, we obtained nature-like trimeric Apa2H1 using a prokaryotic expression system and co-culture of Apa2H1 with bone marrow derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) in vitro resulted in maturation of BMDCs, characterised by the up-regulation of CD83, MHC-II, CCR7, ICAM-I and the increased expression of factors related to B lymphoid cells stimulation, such as proliferation-inducing ligand (APRIL), B lymphocyte stimulator (BLyS) and B cell activating factor (BAFF). The in vivo results showed that vaccination with Apa2H1 resulted in the robust production of antigen-specific antibodies, modestly induced mixed Th1 and Th2 immunity, impaired bacterial colonization and dissemination, and improved mouse survival rates. This study is the first to show that Apa2H1 is antigenic and can be used as a component of a subunit vaccine against A. pleuropneumoniae infection, providing valuable reference material for the development of an effective vaccine against A. pleuropneumoniae.
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