Aims
Cucumber angular leaf spot caused by Pseudomonas syringae pv. lachrymans (Psl) is an important and destructive disease worldwide, and no effective technique has been developed for the control of ...the pathogen. Detection of infection or latent in cucumber plants is critical to evaluate disease progress and strengthening management to avoid a serious epidemic in the fields. In this paper, we developed a rapid and sensitive method for detection of Psl using an isothermal method known as loop‐mediated amplification (LAMP).
Methods and Results
A set of six primers was designed to amplify the gene coding for the hrpZ, and conditions for detection were optimized to complete in 60 min at 67°C, and the amplification were confirmed through gel electrophoresis or visually inspected using calcein stain. The specificity of LAMP primers set was widely validated on Psl and nontarget strains. In sensitivity testing, LAMP allowed detection as low as 104 CFU per ml bacterial cells without DNA extraction. The novel method was also applied for detecting Psl in infected cucumber leaves, and even the early onset of disease can be detected by the assay.
Conclusions
This study confirmed that the novel developed LAMP assay is an easy, rapid and sensitive method for the detection of Psl in infected leaves.
Significance and Impact of the Study
The method is suitable for direct detection of Psl without strain enrichment and complex DNA extraction from samples in the field, and hence it has the capability to be used for on‐site disease diagnosis and field surveys.
Based on the Hirota bilinear form of the (3+1)-dimensional Jimbo–Miwa equation, ten classes of its lump-type solutions are generated via Maple symbolic computations, whose analyticity can be easily ...achieved by taking special choices of the involved parameters. Those solutions supplement the existing lump-type solutions presented previously in the literature.
AbstractCrack inspection is a crucial but labor-intensive work of maintenance for in-service bridges. Recently, the development of fully convolutional network (FCN) provides pixel-wise semantic ...segmentation, which is promising as a means of automatic crack detection. However, the demand for numerous training images with pixel-wise labels poses challenges. In this study, a benchmark data set called a bridge crack library (BCL) containing 11,000 pixel-wise labeled images with 256×256 resolution was established, which has 5,769 nonsteel crack images, 2,036 steel crack images, 3,195 noise images, and their labels. It is aimed at crack detection on multiple structural materials including masonry, concrete, and steel. The raw images were collected by multiple cameras from more than 50 in-service bridges during a period of 2 years. Various crack images with numerous crack forms and noise motifs in different scenarios were collected. Quality control measures were carried out during the raw image collection, subimage cropping, and subimage annotation steps. The established BCL was used to train three deep neural networks (DNNs) for applicability validation. The results indicate that the BCL could be applied to effectively train DNNs for crack detection and serve as a benchmark data set for performance evaluation of DNN models.
There has been a long-standing debate about the mechanism of the unusual superconductivity in alkali-intercalated fullerides. In this Letter, using high-resolution angle-resolved photoemission ...spectroscopy, we systematically investigate the electronic structures of superconducting K_{3}C_{60} thin films. We observe a dispersive energy band crossing the Fermi level with the occupied bandwidth of about 130 meV. The measured band structure shows prominent quasiparticle kinks and a replica band involving the Jahn-Teller active phonon modes, which reflects strong electron-phonon coupling in the system. The electron-phonon coupling constant is estimated to be about 1.2, which dominates the quasiparticle mass renormalization. Moreover, we observe an isotropic nodeless superconducting gap beyond the mean-field estimation (2Δ/k_{B}T_{c}≈5). Both the large electron-phonon coupling constant and large reduced superconducting gap suggest a strong-coupling superconductivity in K_{3}C_{60}, while the electronic correlation effect is suggested by the observation of a waterfall-like band dispersion and the small bandwidth compared with the effective Coulomb interaction. Our results not only directly visualize the crucial band structure but also provide important insights into the mechanism of the unusual superconductivity of fulleride compounds.
Full text
Available for:
CMK, CTK, FMFMET, NUK, UL
Abstract
Soft X-ray emissions induced by solar wind ions that collide with neutral material in the solar system have been detected around planets, and were proposed as a remote probe for solar wind ...interaction with the Martian exosphere. A multi-fluid three-dimensional magnetohydrodynamic model is adopted to derive the global distributions of solar wind particles. Spherically symmetric exospheric H, H
2
, He, O, and CO
2
density profiles and a sophisticated hybrid model that includes charge-exchange and proton–neutral excitation processes are used to study the low triplet line ratio
G
=
i
+
f
r
(0.77 ± 0.58) of O
vii
and the total X-ray luminosity around Mars. We further calculate the emission factor
α
-value with different neutrals over wide ion-abundance and velocity ranges. Our results are in good agreement with those of previous reports. The evolution of the charge stage of solar wind ions shows that sequential recombination due to charge-exchange can be negligible in the interaction region. This only appears below an altitude of 400 km. The anonymous low disk
G-
ratio can be easily explained by the collisional quenching effect at neutral densities higher than 10
11
cm
−3
. However, the quenching contribution is small in Mars’ exosphere and only appears below 400 km. Charge-exchange with H
2
and N
2
is still the most likely reason for this low
G
-ratio. X-ray emissivity maps in collisions with different neutrals differ from each other. A clear bow shock arising from the collision with all the neutrals is in accordance with previous reports. The resulting total X-ray luminosity of 6.55 MW shows better agreement with the XMM-Newton observation of 12.8 ± 1.4 MW than that of previous predictions.
The controlled preparation of two-dimensional (2D) nanosheets of metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), with tailorable methodologies, properties, and applications, is of significant importance. Here, in ...this work, by subtle control of the ultrasonic duration and solvent polarity, the iron(II)-based 2D MOF Fe(pyz)2Cl2 (pyz = pyrazine) has been elegantly tailored into 2D nanosheets (lateral size ≥500 nm in aqueous, with ultrasonic duration of 30 min) and one-dimensional (1D) nanoribbons (lateral size ≤100 nm in ethanol solution, with ultrasonic duration of 90 min). The aqueous suspension of 2D nanosheets was featured with thermal-induced spin-state transition at around room temperature and can be used as effective Fenton catalysts for degradation of water-soluble organic dyes, whereas the ethanol suspension of 1D nanoribbons can act as a versatile nanoplatform for trans-to-cis isomerization of 4, 4′-azopyridine. These results may provide a novel strategy for the controlled preparation of layered nanomaterials.
•Custom-made morphologies of two-dimensional metal–organic framework nanosheets have been achieved.•Thermal-induced above room temperature spin-state transition has been observed.•Efficient Fenton catalysts have been demonstrated.•A versatile nanoplatform for trans–cis isomerization has been presented.
Low-density TiAlVNbMo refractory high-entropy alloys (RHEAs) with a single disordered BCC phase were prepared. Comparing with reported RHEAs and typical Nickel-based superalloys, the novel RHEAs ...exhibit significantly reduced density (∼6 g/cm3) and possess both high strength and good plasticity at temperatures up to 1000 °C.
Mechanical properties and strengthening, deformation, and/or fracture mechanisms of refractory high-entropy alloys VxNbMoTa are investigated. At room temperature, both the yield strength and ...ductility of VxNbMoTa are greatly improved when increasing the V concentration, which can be related to the enhanced solid solution strengthening and the grain refinement. The fracture morphologies of VxNbMoTa experience the intergranular-to-transgranular transition as increasing the V content. The better ductility of high vanadium alloys should attribute to the refined grains and reduced impurities and brittle compounds at the grain boundary as revealed by atom probe tomography. At 800 °C and 1000 °C, the VxNbMoTa alloys of higher V concentrations exhibit weaker strain hardening rates, while this is opposite at room temperature. This can be explained by the decreased activation energy of hot deformation as increasing the V concentration at elevated temperatures, as indicated by flow stress analyses using the strain-compensated Arrhenius-type model with improved predictability.
Background
People behave and interact with others differently when experiencing physical pain. Pain has dramatic effects on one's emotional responses, cognitive functions and social interaction. ...However, little has been known about whether and how physical pain influences interpersonal trust in social interaction. In the present study, we examined the influence of physical pain on trusting behaviour.
Methods
A total of 112 healthy participants were recruited and assigned to physical pain condition (induced by Capsaicin) and control condition (with hand cream), respectively. Thirty minutes after pain induction, three decision‐making tasks were conducted to measure behaviours in social interaction, including trust and trustworthiness (trust game), non‐social risk‐taking (risk game) and altruism (dictator game).
Results
Results showed that physical pain increased interpersonal trust among females, but not among males. Pain did not influence non‐social risk‐taking, altruism or trustworthiness, as evaluated by monetary transfers in those tasks. Moreover, the effect of physical pain on interpersonal trust was fully mediated by expectation of monetary profit.
Conclusions
These findings demonstrate an effect of pain on interpersonal trust and suggest a reciprocity mechanism that the effect may be driven by self‐interest rather than altruistic motivation. The pain effect on trust was evident only in females, implying distinct pain coping strategies used by both genders.
Significance
The present work highlights the social component of pain and extends our understanding of mutual interactions between pain and social cognition.
•We consider heat transfer, flow character and erosion character of heat exchanger.•We investigate hybrid effect on comprehensive performance for compound dimple and LVG.•Hemisphere protrusions on ...oval tube inspired from anti-wear bionics can reduce erosion greatly.
To improve heat transfer performance and reduce erosion of economizers in coal-fired power plants, firstly the heat transfer and erosion characteristics is numerically studied for the single H-type finned oval tube with enhanced heat transfer structures including bleeding dimples, longitudinal vortex generators (LVGs), and compound dimple-LVG. The simulation results show that the oval tube with compound LVG-dimple achieves the highest overall heat transfer performance while the oval tube with LVG works most efficiently in the anti-wear performance. Then based on the H-type finned oval tube, the LVG structure on the first row of tubes together with hemisphere protrusions design, while the compound LVG-dimple on the rest tubes are also simulated. The optimized H-type finned oval tube bank heat exchanger is demonstrated of high performance on both heat transfer and anti-wear.
PDF
