Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) infection represents a significant global health challenge, with its natural course largely influenced by the host's immune response. Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) molecules, ...particularly HLA class I and II, play a crucial role in the adaptive immune response against HCV. The polymorphism of HLA molecules contributes to the variability in immune response, affecting the outcomes of HCV infection. This study aims to investigate the frequency of HLA A, B, DR, and DQ alleles known to be associated with HCV clearance or persistence in a healthy Moroccan population. Conducted at the University Hospital Center Mohammed VI, Marrakech, this study spanned from 2015 to 2022 and included 703 healthy Moroccan individuals. HLA class I and II typing was performed using complement-dependent cytotoxicity and polymerase chain reaction-based methodologies. The results revealed the distinct patterns of HLA-A, B, DRB1, and DQB1 alleles in the Moroccan population. Notably, alleles linked to favorable HCV outcomes, such as HLA-DQB1*0301, DQB1*0501, and DRB1*1101, were more prevalent. Conversely, alleles associated with increased HCV susceptibility and persistence, such as HLA-DQB1*02 and DRB1*03, were also prominent. Gender-specific variations in allele frequencies were observed, providing insights into genetic influences on HCV infection outcomes. The findings align with global trends in HLA allele associations with HCV infection outcomes. The study emphasizes the role of host genetics in HCV infection, highlighting the need for further research in the Moroccan community, including HCV-infected individuals. The prevalence of certain HLA alleles, both protective and susceptibility-linked, underscores the potential for a national HLA data bank in Morocco.
•COVID-19 asymptomatic patients had high levels of IL-8.•IL-12, IL-2, IL-13, IL-17 and GM-CSF were undetectable in COVID-19 asymptomatic patients.•IL-6, IL-10, MIP-1α, MCP-1 and IP-10 are associated ...with COVID-19 disease progression.•IL-4 tends to decrease with COVID-19 disease progression.•SARS-CoV-2 is associated with the cytokine storm.
COVID-19 is a viral infection that disturbs the host's immune system and causes an overproduction of cytokines leading to a cytokine storm. The present study aimed to evaluate the serum levels of 27 protein biomarkers to determine their association with COVID-19 disease severity.
The serum levels of 89 patients with different degrees of COVID-19 disease severity asymptomatic (n = 14), moderate (n = 14), severe (n = 30), and critical (n = 31) and 14 healthy individuals were tested for a panel of 27 cytokines and chemokines using Luminex assay (27 Bio‑Plex Pro Human Cytokine, Bio-rad™).
IL-12, IL-2 and IL-13, as well as IL-17 and GM-CSF were clearly undetectable in asymptomatic patients. IL-8 levels were higher in asymptomatic compared with other groups. Very high levels of IL-6, IL-10 and the chemokines MIP-1α, MCP-1 and IP10 were associated with disease progression, while IL-4 tends to decrease with disease severity.
Our study provides more evidence that excessive cytokine synthesis is linked to the disease progression.
COVID-19 is a viral infection that disturbs the host's immune system and causes an overproduction of cytokines leading to a cytokine storm. The present study aimed to evaluate the serum levels of 27 ...protein biomarkers to determine their association with COVID-19 disease severity.
The serum levels of 89 patients with different degrees of COVID-19 disease severity asymptomatic (n = 14), moderate (n = 14), severe (n = 30), and critical (n = 31) and 14 healthy individuals were tested for a panel of 27 cytokines and chemokines using Luminex assay (27 Bio‑Plex Pro Human Cytokine, Bio-rad™).
IL-12, IL-2 and IL-13, as well as IL-17 and GM-CSF were clearly undetectable in asymptomatic patients. IL-8 levels were higher in asymptomatic compared with other groups. Very high levels of IL-6, IL-10 and the chemokines MIP-1α, MCP-1 and IP10 were associated with disease progression, while IL-4 tends to decrease with disease severity.
Our study provides more evidence that excessive cytokine synthesis is linked to the disease progression.
