This study aimed to investigate the relationship between red cell distribution width (RDW) and erythrocyte osmotic stability in non‐diabetic and diabetic individuals in both sexes. The study sample ...(N = 122) was constituted by 53 type 2 diabetics (DM) and 69 non‐diabetics (ND), being 21 and 22 men in each group, respectively. The osmotic stability of erythrocytes was obtained by the variation in saline concentration (dX) capable of determining hypoosmotic lysis. Higher RDW values and lower serum iron concentrations were found in the diabetic group when compared to the non‐diabetic volunteers. In the group of diabetic women, RDW was positively correlated with the reticulocyte index, and both RDW and dX were negatively correlated with iron, haemoglobin, transferrin saturation index, mean corpuscular haemoglobin and mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration. In all the groups studied, RDW was positively correlated with dX, especially in the diabetic group, where the correlation was the strongest. RDW elevation in both women and men with type 2 diabetes mellitus was associated with decreased serum iron indicators. Furthermore, RDW has a similar meaning to dX, as small erythrocytes have less haemoglobin, resulting in both an increase of RDW and dX.
Caloric restriction (CR) reduces body weight and systemic inflammation, but the effects on adipose tissue under dietary lipid overload are controversial. We evaluated the effects of CR-induced weight ...loss with a high-fat diet on adipose tissue inflammation of obese mice. Male mice were assigned into low-fat diet (LF) and high-fat diet (HF) groups. After 8 weeks, the mice in the HF group were reassigned for another 7 weeks into the following 3 conditions: (i) kept in the HF condition; (ii) changed to low-fat diet ad libitum (LFAL); and (iii) changed to high-fat calorie-restricted (RHF) diet to reach LFAL body weight. Serum markers, adipocytokines, morphology, and inflammatory infiltrates in retroperitoneal adipose tissue (RAT) were accessed. The body weights of the LFAL and RHF groups were reduced, equaling the body weights of the LF group. The LFAL mice had restored almost all inflammatory markers as the LF mice, except tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), and adiponectin. Compared with the HF group, the RHF group had lowered visceral adiposity, retroperitoneal adipocyte sizes, and RAT inflammatory cell infiltration, as well as TNF-α, interleukin-6, and hepatic and serum C-reactive protein, which were higher than that of the LFAL group; adiponectin and MCP-1 did not change. CR with high-fat diet reduced body weight and attenuated visceral adiposity but did not fully recover visceral tissue inflammation.
Novelty
Caloric restriction in a high-fat diet ameliorated visceral adiposity.
Caloric restriction in a high-fat diet did not recover visceral adipose tissue inflammation.
Iron deficiency tendency in individuals with hyperglycemia influences the HbA1c levels' ability to estimate the stationary blood glucose levels. This study investigated the associations of iron ...status indicators and HbA1c levels with anthropometric, inflammatory, regulatory, metabolic, and hematologic variables in women with hyperglycemia to most widely characterize this iron deficiency tendency.
A total of 143 volunteers (68 with normoglycemia and 75 with hyperglycemia) participated in this cross-sectional study. Mann–Whitney test was used to compare groups, and the search for associations between pairs of variables used the Spearman correlation method.
In women with hyperglycemia, decreased plasma iron level is associated directly with increased HbA1c (p < 0.001), and these changes are both related to C-reactive protein elevation (p = 0.02 and p < 0.05, respectively) and involve decreased mean hemoglobin concentration (p < 0.01 and p < 0.01), which in turn, involves enhanced osmotic stability (dX) (p < 0.05) and volume variability (RDW) (p < 0.0001) of erythrocytes, as well as decreased indirect bilirubin/total bilirubin ratio (p = 0.04). This indirect bilirubin/total bilirubin decrease, which expresses decreased hemoglobin catabolism, does not seem to be solely a process associated with diminished intracellular concentrations of this protein (p = 0.04) since it is associated with CRP elevation (p = 0.03) and reduced LDL cholesterol (p < 0.0001).
In women with hyperglycemia, decreased plasma iron levels were associated with inflammatory status and involved increased HbA1c, osmotic stability, and volume variability of red blood cells.
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Previous issue date: 2017
Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico (CNPq)
Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior (CAPES)
Funda??o de Amparo ? Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais (FAPEMIG)
A expans?o do tecido adiposo branco na obesidade leva ? express?o alterada de prote?nas;
em seus adip?citos, bem como a infiltra??o de c?lulas do sistema imune, especialmente;
macr?fagos, cujas secre??es levam ao desenvolvimento da inflama??o cr?nica de baixo grau, a;
qual ? considerada subjacente ao desenvolvimento de in?meras comorbidades. Dentre as formas;
de tratamento da obesidade, dietas de restri??o cal?rica (RC) nutricionalmente balanceadas;
induzem a perda de peso e melhorias em marcadores sist?micos da inflama??o, mas os efeitos;
diretos no tecido adiposo visceral ainda s?o controversos. No entanto, existe uma lacuna sobre;
qual o impacto dessas dietas na inflama??o local, mesmo em condi??es de sobrecarga lip?dica.;
Assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os efeitos da perda de peso corporal induzida por dieta;
hipolip?dica ad libitum e pela restri??o cal?rica com dieta hiperlip?dica na inflama??o do tecido;
adiposo visceral de camundongos obesos. Para tal, inicialmente, camundongos C57BL/6 com 12;
semanas de idade, machos, foram divididos em dois grupos: LF ? alimentados com dieta;
controle hipolip?dica ? do ingl?s low fat (10% das calorias, fonte ?leo de soja, rica em ?cidos;
graxos poli-insaturados); e HF ? alimentados com dieta controle hiperlip?dica ? do ingl?s high;
fat (60% calorias, fonte banha de porco, rica em ?cidos graxos saturados) para indu??o da;
obesidade. Ap?s oito semanas, seis animais de cada grupo foram eutanasiados para verifica??o;
da adiposidade visceral e estado inflamat?rio (dosagens de prote?na C reativa ? PCR s?rica e;
hep?tica). Em seguida, os animais HF foram aleatoriamente divididos em tr?s grupos HF ?;
continuaram recebendo dieta HF; LFAL ? submetidos ao emagrecimento pela substitui??o da;
dieta HF pela LF e acesso livre (ad libitum) e RHF ? submetidos ao emagrecimento por;
receberem quantidades restritas em calorias da dieta HF para atingir o mesmo peso corporal dos;
animais LFAL. A partir deste momento, esses grupos foram alimentados, juntamente com os;
animais LF, por mais sete semanas. Ao final, foram avaliados o ganho/perda de peso corporal, a;
adiposidade, as concentra??es s?ricas e hep?ticas de PCR, e as concentra??es de leptina,;
adiponectina, e das citocinas IL-6, TNF e MCP-1 no tecido adiposo retroperitoneal, al?m da;
morfologia dos adip?citos e a presen?a de infiltrados inflamat?rios no tecido adiposo;
retroperitoneal. Ao final da fase de indu??o da obesidade, os animais HF estavam obesos e;
inflamados. Ao final da fase de indu??o da perda de peso, os grupos LFAL e RHF tiveram pesos;
corporais semelhantes, menores que o HF e se igualaram ao LF. No entanto, houve maior;
dificuldade em perder peso pelo grupo RHF em compara??o ao LFAL, dado pelas diferen?as;
significativas entre os deltas de perda de peso, que foram menores para RHF e pelos coeficientes;
de efici?ncia energ?tica, que foram maiores para o grupo RHF. Os animais LFAL retornaram a;
adiposidade e a hipertrofia dos adip?citos viscerais a valores semelhantes ao grupo LF. Isto;
provavelmente foi o que levou ? menor concentra??o de leptina com concomitante aumento da;
adiponectina e menor infiltra??o de c?lulas inflamat?rias neste tecido, igualando-se tamb?m ao;
LF. Em consequ?ncia, houve menor concentra??o tecidual de citocinas pr?-inflamat?rias, al?m;
de menor concentra??o hep?tica e circulante de PCR. J? para os animais RHF, houve apenas;
atenua??o da adiposidade e da hipertrofia dos adip?citos retroperitoneais. Isso foi suficiente para;
restabelecer a concentra??o local de leptina a n?veis semelhantes ao grupo LF, embora n?o tenha;
elevado a concentra??o de adiponectina. Al?m disso, a infiltra??o de c?lulas inflamat?rias;
menteve-se tamb?m elevada. N?o houve redu??o da concentra??o de citocinas pr?-inflamat?rias,;
? exce??o da IL-6, que reduziu levemente. A concentra??o hep?tica de PCR foi atenuada, o que;
n?o refletiu na concentra??o s?rica dessa prote?na. Concluiu-se que a restri??o cal?rica com dieta;
hiperlip?dica foi menos eficiente em promover a perda de peso e de adiposidade e n?o melhorou;
a inflama??o do tecido adiposo visceral, comparada com a dieta hipolip?dica ad libitum. Inferiuse;
que a ingest?o de dieta com sobrecarga de lip?deos (60% das calorias) e de ?cidos graxos;
saturados foi mais determinante da inflama??o local do que a restri??o cal?rica per se.
Disserta??o (Mestrado) ? Programa Multic?ntrico de P?s-gradua??o em Ci?ncias Fisiol?gicas, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, 2017.
The expansion of white adipose tissue in obesity leads to altered protein expression in its;
adipocytes, as well as the infiltration of immune cells, especially macrophages, whose secretions;
lead to the development of chronic low-grade inflammation, which underlies the development of;
several comorbidities. Among treatments, caloric restriction (CR) nutritionally balanced diets;
induce weight loss and ameliorates inflammation systemic markers, but adipose tissue effects are;
still controversial. Moreover, there is a gap on the impact of these diets on local inflammation,;
even under lipid overload. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate effects of body weight loss;
induced by a low fat ad libitum diet and a CR in a high fat diet in the visceral adipose tissue;
inflammation of obese mice. Firstly, 12 weeks of age male C57BL/6 mice were divided into two;
groups: LF - fed a control low fat diet (10% calories, source soybean oil, high in polyunsaturated;
fatty acids); and HF - fed a control high fat diet (60% calories, source lard, high in saturated fatty;
acids) for obesity induction. After eight weeks, six animals from each group were euthanized to;
verify visceral adiposity and inflammatory status (serum and hepatic C-reactive protein-CRP).;
Then, HF animals were randomly divided into three groups: HF ? keept at HF diet; LFAL - a;
weight loss group that was switched from HF to LF and maintained on it ad libitum; RHF - a;
weight loss group that received restricted amounts of HF to maintain the same body weight as;
LFAL. Thereafter, these groups were fed, along with the LF animals, for another seven weeks.;
At end, body weight gain / loss, adiposity, serum and hepatic CRP concentrations, and adipose;
retroperitoneal tissue concentrations of leptin, adiponectin, IL-6, TNF and MCP-1 were;
evaluated, as well as adypocite morphology and the presence of inflammatory infiltrates in the;
retroperitoneal adipose tissue. Obesity was induced, since HF animals had higher weights,;
adiposity and were inflamed. At the end of the weight loss period, both LFAL and RHF had;
similar body weight, lower than HF and equal to LF. However, it was more dificcult to loose;
wheight by the RHF group compared to LFAL, since weight loss deltas were lower for RHF and;
energy efficiency ratios were higher for RHF group. LFAL animals returned visceral adiposity;
and retroperitoneal adipocyte hypertrophy similarly to the LF group. Also, there was a lower;
leptin level with concomitant increase of adiponectin and less infiltration of inflammatory cells;
in this tissue, also matching to LF. Still, there was a lower tissue concentration of;
proinflammatory cytokines, and a lower hepatic and serum CRP. For RHF animals, there was;
only an attenuation in adiposity and visceral adipocyte hypertrophy, although it was sufficient to;
restore local leptin concentration similarly to LF. However, this regimen was not able to elevate;
the adiponectin concentration. In addition, the inflammatory cells infiltration was highly;
elevated. There was no reduction in proinflammatory cytokines concentration, despite IL-6,;
which was reduced slightly. Hepatic CRP concentration was attenuated, which did not reflect in;
its serum concentrations. In mice with diet-induced obesity, the weight loss by means a CR in a;
high fat diet was less effective in promoting wheight and adiposity losses and it did not improve;
visceral adipose tissue inflammation. It can be inferred that a lipid overload (60% from calories);
as well as a saturated fatty acid surplus from the high fat diet were more determinant of local;
inflammation than caloric restriction per se.
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