During field surveys conducted from July to October 2018–2020 in the eastern part of Georgia (Caucasus region), 145 out of 8000 (1.8%) and 147 out of 6600 (2.2%) grapevine plants, respectively, from ...mother stock/collection fields and commercial vineyards, were found exhibiting typical or suspicious grapevine yellows (GY) symptoms. Most of the symptomatic grapevine plants of Georgian cultivars showed mild symptoms with no berry alterations. Leaf samples from symptomatic plants were analyzed by serological (DAS- -ELISA) and molecular (two previously published protocols of TaqMan triplex real-time PCR, here named Set I and Set II) tools for detecting GY-associated phytoplasmas. The presence of GY phytoplasmas was not detected in any examined grapevines by a serological method. GY phytoplasmas were identified in 22.41% and 6.9% symptomatic plants from mother stock and collection vineyards and in 48.3 and 19.0% symptomatic plants from commercial vineyards by Set I and Set II PCRs, respectively. As expected from previous studies reporting the wide presence of bois noir (BN) in Georgian vineyards, ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma solani’(CaPsol) was detected in most phytoplasma-infected plants (47.6%), with the highest infection rate in Chardonnay. Phytoplasmas belonging to taxonomic group 16SrV were detected in 45.6% of the phytoplasma-infected grapevines. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of 16SrV phytoplasmas in Georgia and in the Caucasus region. Further molecular typing of 16SrV phytoplasma strains is necessary to determine if such strains are associated with flavescence dorée (FD). The knowledge of typical GY symptoms and the utilization of accurate diagnostic tools are crucial for preventing pathogen spread and producing healthy planting material. Based on the results obtained in this study, the presence of BN and 16SrV phytoplasmas should be monitored in the next years using triplex real-time PCR.
Abstract
Galactose-specific lectins (Gal-lectins) were isolated from the mitochondrial fraction of prostate post-operational hyperplasic tissue of two diagnoses: benign prostate hyperplasic tissue ...with low-grade intraepithelial neoplasia (LGPIN) and benign prostate hyperplasic tissue with atypical adenomatous hyperplasia (AAH). They had similar molecular weight and other properties. Effects of these lectins were investigated in vitro model experiments on bovine liver cells mitochondrial properties. Time-dependent changes: (i) in the amount of H2O2; (ii) redox state of Cu in cytochrome oxidase and (iii) redox state of heme in cytochrome a+a3 (cyt a+a3) of cytochrome c oxidase complex were studied. Gal-lectins from both sources increase the amount of H2O2 and decrease the redox state of Cu in cytochrome oxidase and heme in cyt a+a3. However the Gallectin from tissue with more severed transformation (AAH) expresses significantly more strong and long-lasting influence. These effects are mediated by galactose binding domain of the lectins as are completely abolished by the inclusion of galactose in reaction medium. Accumulation of H2O2 and long-lasting decrease in the redox state of key enzymes of mitochondrial respiration chain could induce defective functioning of these organelles and whole cells. Obtained data point the possible way, which enhances further transformation of prostate tissue by release of Gallectins from damaged mitochondria.
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