In discussion with Lukas Meier from the Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute (Swiss TPH), Lutz Hegemann, Head of Novartis Global Health and Sustainability and Marcel Tanner, President of the ...Swiss Academies of Arts and Sciences, give their opinions on the changes that occurred in drug discovery and development for poverty-related diseases over the past 30 years. They emphasise the power of public–private partnerships and provide their points of views on what needs to be done in the future to ensure that the poorest of the poor also have access to important therapies
Jonathan L. Vennerstrom grew up in Ethiopia, where he was witness to the effects of leprosy and other infectious diseases of poverty on the local population. After his studies in organic chemistry, ...he began to research antiprotozoal agents, which resulted in the discovery of the synthetic ozonides. Fruitful collaborations with the Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute (Swiss TPH) and the Medicines for Malaria Venture (MMV) have paved the way for antimalarial and antischistosomal drugs. In recognition of his many achievements, Vennerstrom received the 2019 ACS Award for Creative Invention.
A portrait is given of Professor Kelly Chibale, the driving force behind H3D, the drug discovery and development centre at the University of Cape Town, South Africa. He is dedicated to the ...development of new drugs to fight infectious diseases of poverty that are prevalent in Africa, including MMV390048, the first anti-malarial drug ever to be validated in a Phase I trial in Africa. In 2018 he was recognized as one of Fortune magazine’s top 50 ‘World’s Greatest Leaders’.
Anna K. H. Hirsch, Professor and Head of the Department of Drug Design and Optimisation at the Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research in Saarbrücken (HIPS), Germany, is dedicated to ...fighting infectious diseases by focussing on enzymes that are central to the metabolism of parasites. Her research has led to a valuable collaboration with the Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute (Swiss TPH).
Abstract
Lockean views of personal identity maintain that we are essentially persons who persist diachronically by virtue of being psychologically continuous with our former selves. In this article, ...I present a novel objection to this variant of psychological accounts, which is based on neurophysiological characteristics of the brain. While the mental states that constitute said psychological continuity reside in the cerebral hemispheres, so that for the former to persist only the upper brain must remain intact, being conscious additionally requires that a structure originating in the brainstem—the ascending reticular activating system—be functional. Hence, there can be situations in which even small brainstem lesions render individuals irreversibly comatose and thus forever preclude access to their mental states, while the neural correlates of the states themselves are retained. In these situations, Lockeans are forced to regard as fulfilled their criterion of diachronic persistence since psychological continuity, as they construe it, is not disrupted. Deeming an entity that is never again going to have any mental experiences to be a person, however, is an untenable position for a psychological account to adopt. In their current form, Lockean views of personal identity are therefore incompatible with human neurophysiology.
The COVID-19 pandemic has been overwhelming public health-care systems around the world. With demand exceeding the availability of medical resources in several regions, hospitals have been forced to ...invoke triage. To ensure that this difficult task proceeds in a fair and organised manner, governments scrambled experts to draft triage guidelines under enormous time pressure. Although there are similarities between the documents, they vary considerably in how much weight their respective authors place on the different criteria that they propose. Since most of the recommendations do not come with ethical justifications, analysing them requires that one traces back these criteria to their underlying theories of distributive justice. In the literature, COVID-19 triage has been portrayed as a value conflict solely between utilitarian and egalitarian elements. While these two accounts are indeed the main antipodes, I shall show that in fact all four classic theories of distributive justice are involved: utilitarianism, egalitarianism, libertarianism, and communitarianism. Detecting these in the documents and classifying the suggested criteria accordingly enables one to understand the balancing between the different approaches to distributive justice—which is crucial for both managing the current pandemic and in preparation for the next global health crisis.
Good physical experiments conform to the basic methodological standards of experimental design: they are objective, reliable, and valid. But is this also true of thought experiments? Especially ...problems of personal identity have engendered hypothetical scenarios that are very distant from the actual world. These imagined situations have been conspicuously ineffective at resolving conflicting intuitions and deciding between the different accounts of personal identity. Using prominent examples from the literature, I argue that this is due to many of these thought experiments not adhering to the methodological standards that guide experimental design in nearly all other disciplines. I also show how empirically unwarranted background assumptions about human physiology render some of the hypothetical scenarios that are employed in the debate about personal identity highly misleading.
We propose a method for automated aerial videography in dynamic and cluttered environments. An online receding horizon optimization formulation facilitates the planning process for novices and ...experts alike. The algorithm takes high-level plans as input, which we dub virtual rails, alongside interactively defined aesthetic framing objectives and
jointly
solves for 3D quadcopter motion plans and associated velocities. The method generates control inputs subject to constraints of a non-linear quadrotor model and dynamic constraints imposed by actors moving in an a priori unknown way. The output plans are physically feasible, for the horizon length, and we apply the resulting control inputs directly at each time-step, without requiring a separate trajectory tracking algorithm. The online nature of the method enables incorporation of feedback into the planning and control loop, makes the algorithm robust to disturbances. Furthermore, we extend the method to include coordination between multiple drones to enable dynamic multi-view shots, typical for action sequences and live TV coverage. The algorithm runs in real-time on standard hardware and computes motion plans for several drones in the order of milliseconds. Finally, we evaluate the approach qualitatively with a number of challenging shots, involving multiple drones and actors and qualitatively characterize the computational performance experimentally.
