Pracovní migrace z Ukrajiny do České republiky probíhá již patnáct let. Během tohoto období si Ukrajinci vypracovali několik strategií, které jim umožňují přístup na český pracovní trh. Jednou z ...těchto strategií je participace na organizovaném systému zvaném "klientelismus", která mezi ostatními zaujímá dominantní úlohu. Klientelistický systém lze v termínech moci a výdělku rozdělit do tří stádií. Na vrcholu pomyslné pyramidy stojí skupiny organizovaného zločinu, na spodku ukrajinští dělníci. Mezi nimi se nachází třetí skupina: takzvaní klienti. Jejich hlavní aktivita spočívá ve zprostředkování. Převádějí peníze mezi mafií a imigranty, fungují jako zprostředkovatelé mezi nabídkou a poptávkou po pracovní síle na trhu práce a v neposlední řadě zajišťují kontakt mezi imigranty a českými i ukrajinskými úřady. Záměrem tohoto textu je daný klientelistický systém popsat, vyložit jeho funkce a důvody, proč existuje právě v této podobě.
Roma urban enclaves can be characterised as social peripheries or so-called excluded localities in which poverty and unemployment are concentrated. The separation of the Roma from the majority occurs ...both in the social space and in the educational system through the existence of sub-standard, low-demanding basic schools, where the majority of students are Roma. Both spatial and educational exclusion have become the subject of public debate, policies, and, in the case of schools, of international legal disputes. In the article the authors ask what mechanisms lie behind the existence/functioning of ‘Roma schools’ in the vicinity of deprived urban enclaves with Roma populations. To answer this question they introduce the concept of ethnically segmented local education markets, which emerged in large cities after 1989. These markets interconnect deprived Roma localities with ‘Roma schools’ and are a part of the wider problem of the low social mobility of segregated urban Roma. The authors show that the ethnically segmented education market is shaped by three factors: (a) the spatial structure, (b) the institutional framework, including law and policy as well as schools, and (c) the educational strategies of both Roma and non-Roma parents. The data the authors used in the analysis came from the Czech part of an international quantitative and qualitative study in which more than 920 questionnaires were completed by students and teachers and 80 interviews were conducted with students, parents and teachers in two large Czech cities. For a better understanding of the authors’ basic argument they chose just one segmented local market as an illustrative example.
ABSTRACT
Since the early 1990s, due to increasing immigration to the Czech Republic, a middleman system has been established in order to organise (irregular) labour of migrants mostly from Ukraine. ...Due to its extent, the breadth of activities involved and interconnection with Mafia structures, this system is relatively specific and plays a significant role within the labour migration environment. With respect to the fact that the middlemen and the migrant workers are mostly from Ukraine, we regard the entire system as a type of ethnic economy. This system has two hierarchic levels, the first of which deals with the procurement of irregular migrant labour. The second level is based on the relations between middlemen and organised crime. The paper tries to explain the causes for the establishment of the middleman system of labour organisation, to describe its operation, and the roles and mutual links among individual actors.
Pracovní migrace z Ukrajiny do České republiky probíhá již patnáct let. Během tohoto období si Ukrajinci vypracovali několik strategií, které jim umožňují přístup na český pracovní trh. Jednou z ...těchto strategií je participace na organizovaném systému zvaném "klientelismus", která mezi ostatními zaujímá dominantní úlohu. Klientelistický systém lze v termínech moci a výdělku rozdělit do tří stádií. Na vrcholu pomyslné pyramidy stojí skupiny organizovaného zločinu, na spodku ukrajinští dělníci. Mezi nimi se nachází třetí skupina: takzvaní klienti. Jejich hlavní aktivita spočívá ve zprostředkování. Převádějí peníze mezi mafií a imigranty, fungují jako zprostředkovatelé mezi nabídkou a poptávkou po pracovní síle na trhu práce a v neposlední řadě zajišťují kontakt mezi imigranty a českými i ukrajinskými úřady. Záměrem tohoto textu je daný klientelistický systém popsat, vyložit jeho funkce a důvody, proč existuje právě v této podobě.
Labor migration from the Ukraine into the Czech Republic has been underway for fifteen years. Throughout this time period the Ukrainians have developed several strategies which provide them with ...access to the Czech labor market. One of these strategies is participating in an organized system called "clientalism" Which among the others occupies a dominant role. The clientalist system is in terms of power & income hierarchized into three stages. At the top of an imaginary pyramid there are groups of organized crime, at the bottom Ukrainian workers. There is a third group standing between these two: so-called clients. Their main activity is mediation. They transfer money between the mafia & immigrants, act as mediators between supply & demand for workforce on the labor market & last but not least they mediate a contact between immigrants & both Czech & Ukrainian bureaus. My intention is to describe the clientalist system, interpret its functions & the reasons why it is established in a given form. References. Adapted from the source document.
Roma urban enclaves can be characterised as social peripheries or so-called excluded localities in which poverty and unemployment are concentrated. The separation of the Roma from the majority occurs ...both in the social space and in the educational system through the existence of sub-standard, low-demanding basic schools, where the majority of students are Roma. Both spatial and educational exclusion have become the subject of public debate, policies, and, in the case of schools, of international legal disputes. In the article the authors ask what mechanisms lie behind the existence/functioning of 'Roma schools' in the vicinity of deprived urban enclaves with Roma populations. To answer this question they introduce the concept of ethnically segmented local education markets, which emerged in large cities after 1989. These markets interconnect deprived Roma localities with 'Roma schools' and are a part of the wider problem of the low social mobility of segregated urban Roma. The authors show that the ethnically segmented education market is shaped by three factors: (a) the spatial structure, (b) the institutional framework, including law and policy as well as schools, and (c) the educational strategies of both Roma and non-Roma parents. The data the authors used in the analysis came from the Czech part of an international quantitative and qualitative study in which more than 920 questionnaires were completed by students and teachers and 80 interviews were conducted with students, parents and teachers in two large Czech cities. For a better understanding of the authors' basic argument they chose just one segmented local market as an illustrative example.
Since the early 1990s, due to increasing immigration to the Czech Republic, a middleman system has been established in order to organise (irregular) labour of migrants mostly from Ukraine. Due to its ...extent, the breadth of activities involved and interconnection with Mafia structures, this system is relatively specific and plays a significant role within the labour migration environment. With respect to the fact that the middlemen and the migrant workers are mostly from Ukraine, we regard the entire system as a type of ethnic economy. This system has two hierarchic levels, the first of which deals with the procurement of irregular migrant labour. The second level is based on the relations between middlemen and organised crime. The paper tries to explain the causes for the establishment of the middleman system of labour organisation, to describe its operation, and the roles and mutual links among individual actors. Copyright (c) 2009 by the Royal Dutch Geographical Society KNAG.
Michal Nekorjak, Adéla Souralová, Klára Vomastková.
Obsahuje seznam literatury
Roma urban enclaves can be characterised as social peripheries or so-called excluded localities in which poverty and ...unemployment are concentrated. The separation of the Roma from the majority occurs both in the social space and in the educational system through the existence of sub-standard, low-demanding basic schools, where the majority of students are Roma. Both spatial and educational exclusion have become the subject of public debate, policies, and, in the case of schools, of international legal disputes. In the article the authors ask what mechanisms lie behind the existence/functioning of ‘Roma schools’ in the vicinity of deprived urban enclaves with Roma populations. To answer this question they introduce the concept of ethnically segmented local education markets, which emerged in large cities after 1989. These markets interconnect deprived Roma localities with ‘Roma schools’ and are a part of the wider problem of the low social mobility of segregated urban Roma. The authors show that the ethnically segmented education market is shaped by three factors: (a) the spatial structure, (b) the institutional framework, including law and policy as well as schools, and (c) the educational strategies of both Roma and non-Roma parents. The data the authors used in the analysis came from the Czech part of an international quantitative and qualitative study in which more than 920 questionnaires were completed by students and teachers and 80 interviews were conducted with students, parents and teachers in two large Czech cities. For a better understanding of the authors’ basic argument they chose just one segmented local market as an illustrative example.
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