Los Rohingya son una minoría étnica asentada en Myanmar; desde mediados del siglo XIX han padecido una persecución sistemática y violenta por parte de este Estado. A pesar de las flagrantes ...violaciones a los Derechos Humanos que se intensificaron en el período 2017-2020 y que parecen conducir a una limpieza étnica, la actuación de las Naciones Unidas ha sido obstaculizada por algunos Estados asiáticos, por tanto, este documento responderá al interrogante de ¿cuáles fueron los intereses geopolíticos tras la crisis de refugiados Rohingya en Myanmar durante el período 2017-2020?. Tras una metodología cualitativa de revisión y contrastación bibliográfica aunada a un análisis histórico-conceptual del término “geopolítica”, se advierte que China, Rusia e India consideran a Rakhine (zona donde tradicionalmente se han asentado los Rohingya) como un enclave geográfico afín a sus intereses capitalistas; por tanto, tras la crisis Rohingya existe un entramado geopolítico que conmina mediante el veto y la abstención este drama humanitario.
Los Rohingyas son una minoría étnica asentada en Myanmar que desde mediados del siglo XX han padecido una persecución sistemática y violenta por parte de este Estado. A pe- sar de las flagrantes ...violaciones a los derechos humanos que se intensificaron en el periodo 2017-2020 y que parecen conducir a una limpieza étnica, la actuación de las Naciones Unidas ha sido obstaculizada por algunos Estados asiáticos; por tanto, este documento responderá al interrogante: ¿cuáles fueron los intereses geopolíticos tras la crisis de refugiados Rohingyas en Myanmar durante el periodo 2017-2020? Tras una metodología cualitativa de revisión y contrastación bibliográfica aunada a un análisis histórico-conceptual del término “Geopolíti- ca”, se advierte que China, Rusia e India consideran a Rakhine (zona donde tradicionalmente se han asentado los Rohingyas) como un enclave geográfico afín a sus intereses económicos, energéticos y militares; por tanto, tras la crisis Rohingya existe un entramado geopolítico que conmina mediante el veto y la abstención este drama humanitario.
PURPOSE This study aimed to describe and assess the regional experience of a pediatric hematology/oncology fellowship program based in Guatemala. METHODS The Unidad Nacional de Oncología Pediátrica ...(UNOP) in Guatemala City, Guatemala, is the only hospital in Central America dedicated exclusively to childhood and adolescent cancer. To address the regional need for specialists, a fellowship program in pediatric hematology/oncology was launched in 2003. The UNOP fellowship program comprises 3 years of training. Although the program is based at UNOP, it also includes rotations locally and internationally to enhance clinical exposure. The curriculum is based on international standards to cover clinical expertise, research, professionalism, communication, and health advocacy. Trainees are selected according to country or facility-level need for pediatric hematologists/oncologists, with a plan for them to be hired immediately after completing their training. RESULTS Forty physicians from 10 countries in Latin America have completed training. In addition, there are currently 13 fellows from five countries in training. Of the graduates, 39 (98%) are now practicing in pediatric hematology/oncology in Latin America. Moreover, many of them have leadership positions within their institutions and participate in research, advocacy, and policy making. Graduates from the UNOP program contribute to institutions by providing care for an increasing number of patients with pediatric cancer. The UNOP program is the first pediatric hematology/oncology fellowship program in the world to be accredited by Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education-International, an international body accrediting clinical training programs. CONCLUSION The UNOP program has trained specialists to increase the available care for children with cancer in Latin America. This regional approach to specialist training can maximize resources and serve as a model for other programs and regions.
A fellowship program in Guatemala has a regional impact in strengthening the pediatric cancer workforce.
Abstract Background Eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) is not routinely considered in the differential diagnosis of refractory gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). Aims To prospectively evaluate the ...prevalence of EoE and describe the clinical features and predictors of EoE in patients with refractory symptoms of GERD. Methods Esophageal biopsies were obtained in patients with symptoms of GERD refractory to 8 weeks of conventional antisecretory therapy. Diagnosis of EoE was defined as at least 20 eosinophils × high power field and clinical unresponsiveness to proton pump inhibitors. Clinical and manometric features were compared. Independent risk factors predicting EoE were identified. Results Six out of 150 included patients (4%) met the diagnostic criteria for EoE. Patients with EoE were significantly younger, had significantly more dysphagia, atopy, ineffective esophageal peristalsis, esophageal rings and esophageal strictures than patients without EoE. Independent predictors of EoE were: age under 45 years (OR 4.8, 95% CI 2.4–8.6), dysphagia (OR 12.2, 95% CI 4.3–19.4), and atopy (OR 3.4, 95% CI 1.5–7.4). Conclusions EoE is an uncommon condition (4%) in patients with refractory symptoms of GERD. Age under 45 years, atopy or dysphagia may warrant suspicion of EoE in this subset of patients.
The east coast of Veracruz, Mexico, has an important equine population used for working in rural production systems. The objectives of this study were (1) to calculate the prevalence of tropical ...working equids (donkeys, mules and horses) infected with gastrointestinal nematodes (GINs) and the GINs involved, and (2) to measure the body condition score (BCS) and haematological values for each working equid and its relationship with faecal worm egg count (EPG). One hundred and forty working equids were randomly selected from five different villages along the central coast of the state of Veracruz and faecal and blood samples were obtained from each animal. Gastrointestinal parasite burdens were determined using the McMaster technique. Packed cell volume, total plasma proteins, red blood cell count and white blood cell count were measured from each blood sample. Prevalence of infected equids was higher than 90 %. Mules had the highest median faecal worm egg counts (875 EPG), followed by horses and donkeys with 400 EPG. There was no correlation between EPG and BCS or haematological values (
p
> 0.05). Results suggest that despite the high prevalence and parasite burdens, equids involved in this trial are not being seriously affected. This study provides information which might help in designing future strategies to control nematode infections in working equids in the Mexican tropics; more emphasis should be placed on other inputs (nutrition perhaps), with individual anthelminthic treatment to those animals with the highest EPG or when signs present themselves.
We present vertical profiles of temperature and density from solar occultation (SO) observations by the “Nadir and Occultation for Mars Discovery” (NOMAD) spectrometer on board the Trace Gas Orbiter ...during its first operational year, which covered the second half of Mars Year 34. We used calibrated transmittance spectra in 380 scans, and apply an in‐house pre‐processing to clean data systematics. Temperature and CO2 profiles up to about 90 km, with consistent hydrostatic adjustment, are obtained, after adapting an Earth‐tested retrieval scheme to Mars conditions. Both pre‐processing and retrieval are discussed to illustrate their performance and robustness. Our results reveal the large impact of the MY34 Global Dust Storm (GDS), which warmed the atmosphere at all altitudes. The large GDS aerosols opacity limited the sounding of tropospheric layers. The retrieved temperatures agree well with global climate models (GCM) at tropospheric altitudes, but NOMAD mesospheric temperatures are wavier and globally colder by 10 K in the perihelion season, particularly during the GDS and its decay phase. We observe a warm layer around 80 km during the Southern Spring, especially in the Northern Hemisphere morning terminator, associated to large thermal tides, significantly stronger than in the GCM. Cold mesospheric pockets, close to CO2 condensation temperatures, are more frequently observed than in the GCM. NOMAD CO2 densities show oscillations upon a seasonal trend that track well the latitudinal variations expected. Results uncertainties and suggestions to improve future data re‐analysis are briefly discussed.
Plain Language Summary
The detailed variation of temperature and density with altitude is of paramount importance to characterize the atmospheric state and to constrain the chemistry and dynamics as a whole. The Nadir and Occultation for Mars Discovery (NOMAD) instrument on board the Trace Gas Orbiter (TGO) has among its key targets the characterization of the thermal state with unprecedented vertical resolution. This is the target of this work, where we analyzed transmittance spectra obtained from the NOMAD solar occultation channel, with a state‐of‐the‐art retrieval scheme, adapted from Earth to Mars conditions and geometry. We applied it to the first year of TGO observations, which covered the last two Mars seasons of Mars Year 34. The results permit to study the temperature structure up to 90 km and its seasonal and latitudinal variations, revealing the impact of the MY34 Global Dust Storm, a warm layer at mesospheric altitudes not present in climate models, more frequent cold pockets than in current global climate models, and generally, colder temperature at those altitudes, all of which can be of importance for the validation of these climate models.
Key Points
Temperature and density profiles up to 90 km are retrieved from Nadir and Occultation for Mars Discovery (NOMAD) first year of solar occultations, covering two seasons of Mars Year 34
NOMAD temperatures agree well with climate model predictions below 50 km but are wavier and globally colder by about 10 K at high altitudes
We report large thermal tides producing warm layers at 80 km in the morning terminator. Also strong warming by the 2018 global dust storm
This is the second part of Stolzenbach et al. (2023, https://doi.org/10.1029/2022JE007276), named hereafter Paper I, extends the period to the end of MY 34 and the first half of MY 35. This ...encompasses the end phase of the MY 34 Global Dust Storm (GDS), the MY 34 C‐Storm, the Aphelion Cloud Belt (ACB) season of MY 35, and an unusual early dust event of MY 35 from LS 30° to LS 55°. The end of MY 34 overall aerosol size distribution shows the same parameters for dust and water ice to what was seen during the MY 34 GDS. Interestingly, the layered water ice vertical structure of MY 34 GDS disappears. The MY 34 C‐Storm maintains condition like the MY 34 GDS. A high latitude layer of bigger water ice particles, close to 1 μm, is seen from 50 to 60 km. This layered structure is linked to an enhanced meridional transport characteristic of high intensity dust event which put the MY 34 C‐Storm as particularly intense compared to non‐GDS years C‐Storms as previously suggested by Holmes et al. (2021, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2021.117109). Surprisingly, MY 35 began with an unusually large dust event (Kass et al., 2020, https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020AGUFMP039…01K) found in the Northern hemisphere during LS 35° to LS 50°. During this dust event, the altitude of aerosol first detection is roughly equal to 20 km. This is close to the values encountered during the MY 34 GDS, its decay phase and the C‐Storm of the same year. Nonetheless, no vertical layered structure was observed.
Plain Language Summary
Mars has a peculiar tendency, in one in every three Martian year, the entire planet is covered by dust suspended in the atmosphere. These events are referred as Global Dust Storms (GDS). The dust is lifted by fierce winds from the ground up to 80 km high. The mixture of water ice crystals and dust particle in the air of Mars change how the incoming Sun light warms the atmosphere. It is then of a crucial importance to properly characterize the nature and size of the aerosols, especially during a GDS, to better understand the dynamics of the Martian atmosphere. The spacecraft (ESA/Roscosmos) ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter has been studying the Martian atmosphere since April 2018 and observed a GDS but also other and less intense dust storms. These data help us distinguish the aerosols nature (dust and water ice) and sizes during these distinct types of dust events. Our study confirms that, globally, the particles of dust and water ice are quite small, close to 1 μm or even less. Their distribution varies a lot, meaning that one may find a lot of different particle sizes or lot of similar sized particles.
Key Points
MY 34 C‐Storm aerosol effective size and vertical structure is similar to MY 34 Global Dust Storm (GDS)
MY 35 early dust event aerosol shows similar effective size and vertical structure as MY 34 GDS
MY 34 GDS leads to more intense C‐Storm and an unusual early storm at the start of MY 35
PURPOSEThe impact of smart infusion pumps on the interception of errors in the programming of i.v. drug administrations on a pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) is investigated.
METHODSA prospective ...observational intervention study was conducted in the PICU of a hospital in Madrid, Spain, to estimate the patient safety benefits resulting from the implementation of smart pump technology (Alaris System, CareFusion, San Diego, CA). A systematic analysis of data stored by the devices during the designated study period (January 2010–June 2011) was conducted using the system software (Guardrails CQI Event Reporter, CareFusion). The severity of intercepted errors was independently classified by a group of four clinical pharmacists and a group of four intensive care pediatricians; analyses of intragroup and intergroup agreement in perceptions of severity were performed.
RESULTSDuring the 17-month study period, the overall rate of user compliance with the safety software was 78%. The use of smart pump technology resulted in the interception of 92 programming errors, 84% of which involved analgesics, antiinfectives, inotropes, and sedatives. About 97% of the errors resulted from user programming of doses or infusion rates above the hard limits defined in the smart pump drug library. The potential consequences of the intercepted errors were considered to be of moderate, serious, or catastrophic severity in 49% of cases.
CONCLUSIONThe use of smart pumps in a PICU improved patient safety by enabling the interception of infusion programming errors that posed the potential for severe injury to pediatric patients.
Since the beginning of the Trace Gas Orbiter (TGO) science operations in April 2018, its instrument “Nadir and Occultation for MArs Discovery” (NOMAD) supplies detailed observations of the IR ...spectrums of the Martian atmosphere. We developed a procedure that allows us to evaluate the composition and distribution's parameters of the atmospheric Martian aerosols. We use a retrieval program (RCP) in conjunction with a radiative forward model (KOPRA) to evaluate the vertical profile of aerosol extinction from NOMAD measurements. We then apply a model/data fitting strategy of the aerosol extinction. In this first article, we describe the method used to evaluate the parameters representing the Martian aerosol composition and size distribution. MY 34 GDS showed a peak intensity from LS 190° to 210°. During this period, the aerosol content rises multiple scale height, reaching altitudes up to 100 km. The lowermost altitude of aerosol's detection during NOMAD observation rises up to 30 km. Dust aerosols reff were observed to be close to 1 μm and its νeff lower than 0.2. Water ice aerosols reff were observed to be submicron with a νeff lower than 0.2. The vertical aerosol structure can be divided in two parts. The lower layers are represented by higher reff than the upper layers. The change between the lower and upper layers is very steep, taking only few kilometers. The decaying phase of the GDS, LS 210°–260°, shows a decrease in altitude of the aerosol content but no meaningful difference in the observed aerosol's size distribution parameters.
Plain Language Summary
Mars' atmosphere is filled with dust and water ice particles carried by the winds. These aerosols affect the way sunlight is distributed in the atmosphere and on the surface, and this directly affects temperature. In addition, approximately every three Martian years, Mars experiences what is known as a “global dust storm.” This type of dust storm covers the entire red planet in dust. It affects the temperature and water vapor content of the Martian atmosphere. Determining and assessing aerosol properties, number, size and mass during and after a global dust storm is of crucial importance to understanding its underlying mechanisms. Here, we develop an analysis scheme to study the size, nature, number and distribution of Martian aerosols. Our study confirms that, overall, dust and water ice particles are quite small, close to 1 μm or even smaller, and that a global dust storm affects the intensity of other storms that follow.
Key Points
Retrieval of Martian aerosols key properties from NOMAD‐SO data during the MY 34 GDS
Mesospheric dust and water ice reff are mainly ∼1 μm and ≤0.5 μm respectively during the MY 34 GDS and its decay phase
During the MY 34 GDS, the effective variance shows a slight N/S asymmetry and values mainly ≤0.2
YMnO3 is a P-type semiconductor with a perovskite-type structure (ABO3). It presents two crystalline systems: rhombohedral and hexagonal, the latter being the most stable and studied. In the ...hexagonal system, Mn3+ ions are coordinated by five oxygen ions forming a trigonal bipyramid, and the Y3+ ions are coordinated by five oxygen ions. This arrangement favors its ferroelectric and ferromagnetic properties, which have been widely studied since 1963. However, applications based on their optical properties have yet to be explored. This work evaluates the photoelectric response and the photocatalytic activity of yttrium manganite in visible spectrum wavelengths. To conduct this, a rod-obelisk-shaped yttrium manganite with a reduced indirect bandgap value of 1.43 eV in its hexagonal phase was synthesized through the precipitation method. The synthesized yttrium manganite was elucidated by solid-state techniques, such as DRX, XPS, and UV-vis. It was non-toxic as shown by the 100% leukocyte viability of mice BALB/c.
