The present study compares two types of written corrective feedback (WCF), reformulations and models, and their effect on the output by thirty-nine English as a foreign language primary school ...children (age 11-12; A2 level) working individually and collaboratively. Additionally, the effect of collaborative writing (CW) on learners’ motivation was measured. Learners’ noticing of problematic features and their subsequent incorporation in their revised drafts after being provided with the two types of WCF were analysed, comparing the children’ production after being provided with the two types of WCF and comparing CW vs individual writing as to noticing and incorporation of features as well as motivation. Few statistically significant differences between the two WCF groups were found but, rather, tendencies in the following sense: the children using models noticed and incorporated more lexical items, whereas noticing and incorporation of learners in the reformulation group was generally related to grammatical and spelling features. As for the comparison between the pairs and the individuals, some statistical differences were found, pointing to an advantage of CW over individual. These findings are discussed in light of the potential benefits of CW for young learners, and pedagogical implications are considered.
El presente trabajo versa sobre la retroalimentacion correctiva (Sheen, 2011), un tema ampliamente investigado en las ultimas decadas, y el contexto de instruccion. Se observo y grabo la interaccion ...oral de una clase intacta de treinta alumnos y dos profesores de ingles como lengua extranjera (ILE), asignatura mas centrada en la forma, y de aprendizaje integrado de lenguas y contenido (AICLE; Dalton-Puffer, 2011), orientada hacia el significado. La unidad de analisis utilizada fueron los episodios de retroalimentacion correctiva (CFE--por sus siglas en ingles- Lyster, 1994). Los resultados muestran diferencias en tipo, cantidad y modo de los CFE entre los dos contextos. Aunque no se encontraron diferencias significativas en la respuesta de los alumnos en ILE y AICLE, el analisis cualitativo de los datos indico que la actitud de los profesores con respecto a la retroalimentacion correctiva influyo en la posterior respuesta de los alumnos a la misma. En el trabajo se sugieren lineas de trabajo para futuras investigaciones sobre la retroalimentacion correctiva, la respuesta y el contexto de instruccion. PALABRAS CLAVE: retroalimentacion correctiva, interaccion oral, ILE, AICLE, contexto de instruccion. This paper addresses the issue of corrective feedback (CF), a topic widely investigated in the last few decades (Sheen, 2011), and instructional context. We observed and recorded the oral interaction of an intact class of thirty Spanish intermediate-level high-school learners and two teachers in two settings: a traditional form-oriented English as a Foreign Language (EFL) classroom and a meaning-oriented Content and Language Integrated Learning (CLIL) classroom (Dalton-Puffer, 2011). Corrective feedback episodes (CFE; Lyster, 1994) were used as the unit of analysis. The findings of the study indicate that there are differences in the type, quantity and manner of CFE between the two learning contexts. Although no significant difference in the proportion of learners' uptake was found between the EFL and CLIL contexts, a qualitative analysis of the data indicated that the teachers' attitude toward CF influenced subsequent learner uptake. Implications for further research on CF, learner uptake and instructional context are suggested. KEYWORDS: corrective feedback, oral interaction, EFL, CLIL, instructional setting.
Este trabajo constituye una revisión crítica de la manera en que se presentan los contenidos gramaticales en el proyecto didáctico EKI elaborado por la editorial IkasElkar para el último ciclo de ...Primaria. Dicho proyecto surge a raíz de la necesidad de editar materiales didácticos coherentes con el Decreto curricular 236/2015 para la Educación Básica de la CAPV, en el marco del plan estratégico Heziberri 2020 para la mejora del sistema educativo vasco. Uno de los objetivos del proyecto es el multilingüismo y, para alcanzarlo, se recurre a un planteamiento integrado de lenguas que tiene como eje el euskara. El objetivo de este trabajo consiste en analizar cómo se inserta en dicho contexto la didáctica de la gramática. Tras el análisis de los materiales de Lengua Castellana, Euskara e Inglés, se concluye que los principios metodológicos son adecuados, aunque, en lo que a la enseñanza de la gramática se refiere, se echa en falta un mayor desarrollo de la reflexión metalingüística y un mayor aprovechamiento de la comparación entre lenguas.
Research on language learning strategies (LLS) has widely investigated the relationship between adult second language (L2) learners' choice and use of LLS and different learner factors such as ...proficiency, age and gender. In the present study, these three variables are investigated in relation to the choice of LLS focusing on primary school bilingual learners in a CLIL context. Using a revised version of Oxford’s (1990) survey, we collected data on the choice of LLS from Basque/Spanish bilingual learners of third language (L3) English in grades 5 and 6 primary education (age range 10–12; N = 131). Results show no differences in the amount and types of LLS chosen when proficiency and gender are considered separately. However, age seems to have a minimal effect in that grade 5 learners report using ‘Remembering’ more frequently than grade 6 ones. Additionally, proficiency seems to interact with gender in favour of males in that males in the lower beginner and beginner groups choose a wider range of LLS than females. However, this difference between males and females disappears in the upper beginner group. These findings are discussed in light of results from previous research of LLS choice by child L2 learners.
Oral corrective feedback (OCF) has been reported to be affected by several factors such as learners’ age, level of proficiency or the OCF types provided by the teacher. However, little research has ...been carried out on the variable learning context, even though OCF and uptake vary in rates and types in second language (SL) and foreign language (FL) settings. Moreover, OCF has been clearly under-researched in classrooms that follow a content and language integrated learning (CLIL) approach. As CLIL programs are being widely implemented mainly in European settings and differences in context characteristics suggest variations in OCF and learners’ uptake, the present study aimed to compare the recorded classroom interaction data (22 hours 43 minutes) from an intact class of learners (N=26) in their last year of secondary education (age 17-18), attending the lessons of an English as a FL (EFL) teacher and a Business Studies (CLIL) teacher. Findings show significant differences as to the proportion and OCF types used, as well as different learners’ behavior regarding the rates of uptake and repair and the uptake after the use of recasts. Pedagogical implications are offered as to how to maximize the potential benefits of OCF in FL classrooms.
This bookbrings together a diverse range of empirical chapters spanning various contexts and educational levelswhichexplore the psychology of teaching and learning a subject through a second or other ...language. The chapters discuss both the psychological stressors and strains for learners and teachers, as well as the benefits and joys of being involved in such programmes. The studies encompass a range of areas, such as Content and Language Integrated Learning (CLIL), Foreign Language Medium of Instruction (FMI), bilingual education and other related approaches to integrating content and language. They feature a variety of psychological constructs, including identity, self-confidence, motivation, self-concept, teacher and learner beliefs, affect, anxiety, stress, mindsets, attributions and well-being, from the perspectives of both teachers and learners. This book is essential reading for anyone interested in ensuring that teachers and students are properly supported and that their experiences of integrated content and language settings enable them to flourish.
Emotional eating (EmE) is one of the most common eating behaviors maladaptive among young adults, however, in the Peruvian context, it remains unexplored.
The aim of the study was to determine the ...association between negative EmE, sociodemographic characteristics, physical activity, sleep duration, and mental and physical health in young adults.
A cross-sectional study was conducted in 400 young Peruvian adults living in three regions of Peru (coast, jungle, and highlands). An online survey was used to collect information on sociodemographic characteristics, physical activity, sleep duration, depressive symptoms, anxiety, hypertension, and negative EmE. In addition, self-reported anthropometric data were collected to calculate body mass index (BMI).
Approximately 55.8% of women presented negative EmE. Logistic regression analysis revealed that participants aged 30-39 years were less likely to have negative EmE in both female and male gender, OR; 0.24, 95% CI; 0.08-0.66, p<0.01 and OR; 0.40, 95% CI; 0.16-0.97, p<0.05, respectively. Perform physical activity 3 to 4 times 5.22 (95% CI: 1.31-20.78), 1 to 2 times a week 5.77 (95% CI: 1.91-17.44), and never 15.18 (95% CI: 3.90-59.00) were associated with negative EmE. Moreover, sleeping less than 7 hours per day (OR; 2.26, 95% CI; 1.04-4.90), depressive symptoms (OR = 6.29, 95% CI: 1.27-31.19), anxiety (OR = 14.13, 95% CI: 2.46-80. 97, p<0.01), hypertension (OR = 7.58, 95% CI: 1.24-46.17), and BMI ≥25 (overweight/obese) (OR = 1.51, 95% CI: 1.66-3.41) were associated with negative EmE.
The findings show that there is an association between negative EmE, sociodemographic characteristics, physical activity, sleep duration, and mental and physical health in young adults.
A brainstem homeostatic system senses CO2/H+ to regulate ventilation, blood gases and acid–base balance. Neurons of the retrotrapezoid nucleus (RTN) and medullary raphe are both implicated in this ...mechanism as respiratory chemosensors, but recent pharmacological work suggested that the CO2/H+ sensitivity of RTN neurons is mediated indirectly, by raphe‐derived serotonin acting on 5‐HT7 receptors. To investigate this further, we characterized Htr7 transcript expression in phenotypically identified RTN neurons using multiplex single cell qRT‐PCR and RNAscope. Although present in multiple neurons in the parafacial region of the ventrolateral medulla, Htr7 expression was undetectable in most RTN neurons (Nmb+/Phox2b+) concentrated in the densely packed cell group ventrolateral to the facial nucleus. Where detected, Htr7 expression was modest and often associated with RTN neurons that extend dorsolaterally to partially encircle the facial nucleus. These dorsolateral Nmb+/Htr7+ neurons tended to express Nmb at high levels and the intrinsic RTN proton detectors Gpr4 and Kcnk5 at low levels. In mouse brainstem slices, CO2‐stimulated firing in RTN neurons was mostly unaffected by a 5‐HT7 receptor antagonist, SB269970 (n = 11/13). At the whole animal level, microinjection of SB269970 into the RTN of conscious mice blocked respiratory stimulation by co‐injected LP‐44, a 5‐HT7 receptor agonist, but had no effect on CO2‐stimulated breathing in those same mice. We conclude that Htr7 is expressed by a minor subset of RTN neurons with a molecular profile distinct from the established chemoreceptors and that 5‐HT7 receptors have negligible effects on CO2‐evoked firing activity in RTN neurons or on CO2‐stimulated breathing in mice.
Key points
Neurons of the retrotrapezoid nucleus (RTN) are intrinsic CO2/H+ chemosensors and serve as an integrative excitatory hub for control of breathing.
Serotonin can activate RTN neurons, in part via 5‐HT7 receptors, and those effects have been implicated in conferring an indirect CO2 sensitivity.
Multiple single cell molecular approaches revealed low levels of 5‐HT7 receptor transcript expression restricted to a limited population of RTN neurons.
Pharmacological experiments showed that 5‐HT7 receptors in RTN are not required for CO2/H+‐stimulation of RTN neuronal activity or CO2‐stimulated breathing.
These data do not support a role for 5‐HT7 receptors in respiratory chemosensitivity mediated by RTN neurons.
figure legend In the parafacial region of the mouse brainstem, the major population of Phox2b‐ and Neuromedin B (Nmb)‐expressing respiratory chemosensory neurons of the retrotrapezoid nucleus (RTN) sense CO2/H+ via the proton detectors, G protein‐coupled receptor 4 (GPR4) and TWIK‐related acid‐sensitive K+ channel 2 (TASK‐2). These cells express low to undetectable levels of 5‐HT7 receptors, and their CO2‐stimulated firing is independent of 5‐HT7R activity (upper left). 5‐HT7R is localized to a minor subgroup of RTN neurons that express Nmb at high levels, but little if any GPR4 or TASK‐2 (lower left). In addition, 5‐HT7R is also expressed in some other Phox2b+ and Phox2b− neurons in the parafacial region (right). However, the chemosensory role of these various 5‐HT7R‐expressing parafacial cells is uncertain, and blocking 5‐HT7R activity in the region has no effect on CO2‐stimulated breathing in mice.
A brainstem homeostatic system senses CO2/H+ to regulate ventilation, blood gases and acid‐base balance. Neurons of the retrotrapezoid nucleus (RTN) and medullary raphe are both implicated in this ...mechanism as respiratory chemosensors, but recent pharmacological work suggested that the CO2/H+‐sensitivity of RTN neurons is mediated indirectly – by raphe‐derived serotonin acting on 5‐HT7 receptors. To investigate this further, we characterized Htr7 transcript expression in phenotypically identified RTN neurons using multiplex single cell qRT‐PCR and RNAscope. Although present in multiple neurons in the parafacial region of the ventrolateral medulla, Htr7 expression was undetectable in most RTN neurons (Nmb+/Phox2b+) concentrated in the densely packed cell group ventrolateral to the facial nucleus. Where detected, Htr7 expression was modest and often associated with RTN neurons that extend dorsolaterally to partially encircle the facial nucleus. These more dorsolateral Nmb+/Htr7+ neurons tended to express high levels of Nmb and low levels of the intrinsic RTN proton detectors, Gpr4 and Kcnk5. In mouse brainstem slices, CO2‐stimulated firing in RTN neurons was mostly unaffected by a 5‐HT7 receptor antagonist, SB269970 (n=11/12). At the whole animal level, microinjection of SB269970 into the RTN of conscious mice blocked respiratory stimulation by co‐injected LP‐44, a 5‐HT7 receptor agonist, but had no effect on CO2‐stimulated breathing in those same mice. We conclude that Htr7 is expressed by a minor subset of RTN neurons with a molecular profile distinct from the established chemoreceptors and that 5‐HT7 receptors have negligible effects on CO2‐evoked firing activity in RTN neurons or on CO2‐stimulated breathing in mice.
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