In this paper, we propose a mobility-aware task offloading scheme, named as Soft-VAN, with an aim to minimize task computation delay in a software-defined vehicular network. The proposed scheme ...consists of two phases - fog node selection and task offloading. In the first phase, we formulate an integer linear program (ILP), and solve the problem to get optimal number of fog nodes required for a given network. In the task offloading phase, we formulate an optimization problem to minimize overall delay in task computation, while considering associated constraints. As finding optimal solution to the problem is NP-hard, we propose a greedy heuristic approach in two phases - task offloading and computed task downloading - to solve it in polynomial time. The greedy solution for offloading takes into account network delay, flow-rule capacity, and link utilization. On the other hand, the solution for computed task downloading considers vehicle's mobility in addition to the parameters associated with the offloading decisions. Experimental results show that the proposed scheme, Soft-VAN, is capable of enhancing the performance approximately by 30%, 45%, and 50% in terms of delay compared to state-of-the-art schemes - Detour, DAGP, and SD2O, respectively.
•The existing state-of-the-art in wireless sensor networks for agricultural applications is reviewed thoroughly.•The existing WSNs are analyzed with respect to communication and networking ...technologies, standards, and hardware.•The prospects and problems of the existing framework are discussed with case studies for global and Indian scenarios.•Few futuristic applications are presented highlighting the factors for improvements for the existing scenarios.
The advent of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) spurred a new direction of research in agricultural and farming domain. In recent times, WSNs are widely applied in various agricultural applications. In this paper, we review the potential WSN applications, and the specific issues and challenges associated with deploying WSNs for improved farming. To focus on the specific requirements, the devices, sensors and communication techniques associated with WSNs in agricultural applications are analyzed comprehensively. We present various case studies to thoroughly explore the existing solutions proposed in the literature in various categories according to their design and implementation related parameters. In this regard, the WSN deployments for various farming applications in the Indian as well as global scenario are surveyed. We highlight the prospects and problems of these solutions, while identifying the factors for improvement and future directions of work using the new age technologies.
This work performs a rigorous, comparative analysis of the fog computing paradigm and the conventional cloud computing paradigm in the context of the Internet of Things (IoT), by mathematically ...formulating the parameters and characteristics of fog computing-one of the first attempts of its kind. With the rapid increase in the number of Internet-connected devices, the increased demand of real-time, low-latency services is proving to be challenging for the traditional cloud computing framework. Also, our irreplaceable dependency on cloud computing demands the cloud data centers (DCs) always to be up and running which exhausts huge amount of power and yield tons of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) gas. In this work, we assess the applicability of the newly proposed fog computing paradigm to serve the demands of the latency-sensitive applications in the context of IoT. We model the fog computing paradigm by mathematically characterizing the fog computing network in terms of power consumption, service latency, CO 2 emission, and cost, and evaluating its performance for an environment with high number of Internet-connected devices demanding real-time service. A case study is performed with traffic generated from the 100 highest populated cities being served by eight geographically distributed DCs. Results show that as the number of applications demanding real-time service increases, the fog computing paradigm outperforms traditional cloud computing. For an environment with 50 percent applications requesting for instantaneous, real-time services, the overall service latency for fog computing is noted to decrease by 50.09 percent. However, it is mentionworthy that for an environment with less percentage of applications demanding for low-latency services, fog computing is observed to be an overhead compared to the traditional cloud computing. Therefore, the work shows that in the context of IoT, with high number of latency-sensitive applications fog computing outperforms cloud computing.
In critical medical emergency situations, wireless body area network (WBAN) equipped health monitoring systems treat data packets with critical information regarding patients' health in the same way ...as data packets bearing regular healthcare information. This snag results in a higher average waiting time for the local data processing units (LDPUs) transmitting data packets of higher importance. In this paper, we formulate an algorithm for Priority-based Allocation of Time Slots (PATS) that considers a fitness parameter characterizing the criticality of health data that a packet carries, energy consumption rate for a transmitting LDPU, and other crucial LDPU properties. Based on this fitness parameter, we design the constant model hawk-dove game that ensures prioritizing the LDPUs based on crucial properties. In comparison with the existing works on priority-based wireless transmission, we measure and take into consideration the urgency, seriousness, and criticality associated with an LDPU and, thus, allocate transmission time slots proportionately. We show that the number of transmitting LDPUs in medical emergency situations can be reduced by 25.97%, in comparison with the existing time-division-based techniques.
Cloud Computing Applications for Smart Grid: A Survey Bera, Samaresh; Misra, Sudip; Rodrigues, Joel J. P. C.
IEEE transactions on parallel and distributed systems,
2015-May-1, 2015-5-1, Volume:
26, Issue:
5
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
The fast-paced development of power systems necessitates smart grids to facilitate real-time control and monitoring with bidirectional communication and electricity flows. Future smart grids are ...expected to have reliable, efficient, secured, and cost-effective power management with the implementation of distributed architecture. To focus on these requirements, we provide a comprehensive survey on different cloud computing applications for the smart grid architecture, in three different areas-energy management, information management, and security. In these areas, the utility of cloud computing applications is discussed, while giving directions on future opportunities for the development of the smart grid. We also highlight different challenges existing in the conventional smart grid (without cloud application) that can be overcome using cloud. In this survey, we present a synthesized overview of the current state of research on smart grid development. We also identify the current research problems in the areas of cloud-based energy management, information management, and security in smart grid.
We propose "DROPS", a scheme which dynamically selects radio protocols in an energy-constrained wearable IoT healthcare system. We consider the use of multiple radio protocols, which are capable of ...transmitting a patient's sensed physiological parameters to the server through Local Processing Units (LPUs). As the health parameters are non-stationary and temporally fluctuating, especially for critical patients, the selection of an appropriate radio protocol is essential to maintain the accuracy and timely delivery of data from the patient to the server. Additionally, the mobility of patients through various locations within the hospital mandates the selection of the best radio protocol among the multiple available ones for each location, to enable data to offload to the remote server. We use single-leader-multiple-follower Stackelberg non-cooperative game to map the strategic interactions between a patient's LPU and the hospital's server. "DROPS" dynamically selects the appropriate radio protocol, based on the criticality index of a patient, the reputation of the radio, the Euclidean distance between the radios and the LPU, and the load on the protocol. Results on real-life data and their large-scale emulation show that the data rate increases by almost 78% and throughput by approximately 7%, as compared to existing schemes.
Cache-enabled device-to-device (C-D2D) networks allow the constituent user devices to share their cached content with other user devices through D2D communication. As a result, the communication ...delay of participating users is minimized in C-D2D networks. Clearly, the success of C-D2D networks relies on the willingness of the participating users to share their cached content. In this paper, we analyze the interaction among participating cache-enabled D2D users and determine their caching, sharing, and reward decisions to minimize the users' total cost. In view of the fact that the participating users have heterogeneous content interest profile (CIP) and storage capacity, and are self-centric, there is a need to design a fair incentive mechanism to encourage cooperation among users. To this end, we model the interaction among the D2D users as a multi-person bargaining game and design a novel incentive mechanism using the Nash bargaining solution (NBS) approach. The proposed incentive mechanism is capable of minimizing users' total costs while ensuring fair reward transfer among participating users. Further, we proposed a distributed algorithm which allows the execution of the proposed mechanism without any involvement of base station (BS), which is much needed for autonomous D2D networks. The simulation results demonstrate that the proposed mechanism improves fairness by at least 74% and reduces the users' total cost by at least 13.83% compared to the benchmark schemes.
In this paper, we propose a dynamic controller assignment scheme while considering flow-specific requirements, with an aim to minimize controller response time in software-defined networks (SDN). ...Using the FlowVisor model, we develop a virtualized platform that acts as a manager between the control- and data-planes of SDN architecture. The proposed scheme consists of two phases - adaptive window selection and controller assignment. In the window selection phase, the virtualized manager determines time to wait before incoming flows can be assigned to controllers in adaptive manner. Based on the adaptive window size, the flows are assigned to the controllers in the second phase. We use dynamic stable-matching game to assign flows to controllers, while defining their preference lists to minimize flow-setup delay and associated control overhead. Simulation studies show that the proposed scheme is capable of minimizing controller response time by atleast 31% compared to the existing state-of-the-art. Further, the proposed scheme also reduces the percentage of QoS violated flows in the network.
This paper presents a quality of experience (QoE)-guided content delivery framework in cache-enabled multi-unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) networks, measured from the content delay index (CDI), which ...is formulated based on the latency involved in the delivery of contents requested by ground-based mobile users. The mobile users use the cellular devices to raise the content requests. Additionally, multiple UAVs act as aerial base stations to deliver the requested contents to ground-based mobile users. The proposed work aims to maximize the QoE. Additionally, the existing works do not consider the necessity of creating groups of ground-based mobile users based on geographic locations in order to provide contents seamlessly. Therefore, we construct an optimization problem to maximize the average CDI, which is proved as an NP-hard problem. Further, multiple UAVs incur the challenges of placing the UAVs in 3D space over the distributed ground-based mobile users. To solve this NP-hard problem, we propose QoE analysis in cache-enabled multi-UAV networks (QMUN). It functions in three steps. First, it creates clusters for the ground-based mobile users using the K-means algorithm and finds the optimized 2D positions of all the UAVs. Second, it finds the optimized heights of all UAVs before assigning them to the individual cluster. Finally, it infuses proactive content caching and optimizes the cache policy. Therefore, the delay associated with the content delivery is minimized, which leads to the generation of high value of CDI. The results of simulation depict the usefulness of QMUN in terms of average CDI, average throughput, average end-to-end delay, and user satisfaction. Specifically, the results depict that the average CDI of each user improves by <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">11.04</tex-math></inline-formula>%, <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">4.46</tex-math></inline-formula>%, and <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">17.88</tex-math></inline-formula>% compared to the QMUN Without Cache (QMUN-WC), Greedy, and Random Selection (RS).
Internet of things (IoT) facilitates billions of devices to be enabled with network connectivity to collect and exchange real-time information for providing intelligent services. Thus, IoT allows ...connected devices to be controlled and accessed remotely in the presence of adequate network infrastructure. Unfortunately, traditional network technologies such as enterprise networks and classic timeout-based transport protocols are not capable of handling such requirements of IoT in an efficient, scalable, seamless, and cost-effective manner. Besides, the advent of software-defined networking (SDN) introduces features that allow the network operators and users to control and access the network devices remotely, while leveraging the global view of the network. In this respect, we provide a comprehensive survey of different SDN-based technologies, which are useful to fulfill the requirements of IoT, from different networking aspects-edge, access, core, and data center networking. In these areas, the utility of SDN-based technologies is discussed, while presenting different challenges and requirements of the same in the context of IoT applications. We present a synthesized overview of the current state of IoT development. We also highlight some of the future research directions and open research issues based on the limitations of the existing SDN-based technologies.
