•Biochars were derived from rubber wood sawdust via slow pyrolysis.•Heating temperatures (HT) ranged from 300 to 700°C and retention time (RT) ranged from 1 to 3h.•They were characterised by XRD, ...FT-IR, Boehm titration, pH, BET, SEM and SEM–EDX.•At low HT and RT, biochar consists of more acidic groups with lower pH.•At high HT and RT, biochar obtained larger surface area and total pore volume.
Biochar samples were produced from rubber wood sawdust (RWSD), which is a by-product from sawmills, via slow pyrolysis. Biochar is a potential additive for agricultural soil as a soil amendment and for agronomics. The approach proposed in the current study considers the effects of heating temperature and holding time on the surface functional groups and morphologies of RWSD-derived biochars. The pyrolysis was performed in a vertical tube furnace heated at 5°C/min from room temperature to maximum heating temperatures of 300°C, 400°C, 500°C and 700°C under nitrogen gas purging at a rate of 30ml/min. Two sets of biochars were produced with holding times of (i) 1h and (ii) 3h. Proximate and ultimate analyses were performed on the raw RWSD using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and carbon–hydrogen–nitrogen (CHN) elemental analysis. The influence of heating temperature and holding time on biochar surface functional groups and porosities was investigated using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, Boehm titration, pH alkalinity, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface area analysis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and SEM with energy-dispersive X-ray (SEM–EDX) spectrocopy. The FT-IR spectra indicated the presence of acidic functional groups, such as carboxylic, phenolic and lactonic groups, and these groups were quantified by Boehm titration. The number of acidic functional groups decreased as the heating temperature and holding time increased. The maximum amount of acidic functional groups was determined to be 1.9mmol/g at 300°C for a 1-h holding time compared to 1.3mmol/g for a 3-h holding time and 1.0mmol/g with a 1-h holding time at 700°C. All of the biochars produced at heating temperatures above 400°C were alkaline, and the pH value increased as the heating temperature and holding time increased. The biochar produced at 300°C with a 1-h holding time had a pH of 6.72 and the sample produced with a 3-h holding time had a pH of 7.67. In addition, the sample produced when the temperature was increased to 700°C with a 1-h holding time had a pH of 11.44. The BET surface area analysis reported maximum values of 5.49m2/g, and the total pore volume was 0.0097cm3/g at a heating temperature of 700°C with a 3-h holding time. SEM micrographs clearly showed the development of well-defined pores in the biochars, and the SEM–EDX spectra indicated localised carbon and oxygen content in all the samples. The results indicated that biochars produced from RWSD are potentially beneficial as soil amendments. However, an extensive study of biochar sustainability is worth investigating.
Biochars were prepared by conducting slow pyrolysis of rubber wood sawdust (RWSD) derived from sawn timber. Eventhough researches on preparation of biochar from biomass have been reported by many ...researchers, limited work has been reported for investigation of biochar RWSD for its surface porosities and functional groups. Surface porosity of biochars provides a suitable dimension for cluster of microorganism to grow and higher porosity for better water holding capacity. Surface functional groups contain oxygen may help to improve the soil fertility by increasing the cation and anion exchange capacities to reduce the nutrient leaching in soil. The pyrolysis process was carried out at temperatures ranging between 300°C to 700°C at the heating rate of 5°C/min for 3hours with continuous nitrogen purging. The influence of pyrolysis temperatures on the biochars pores were investigated by using X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface analysis and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The surface functional groups were examined by Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR). SEM analysis clearly showed the development of well-defined pores distributed on biochars surface. It was found that the maximum BET surface area and total pore volume were 5.493 m2/g and 0.0097cm3/g respectively for biochar pyrolysis at 700°C. The FT-IR spectrum analysis showed the functional groups decreased with the increasing of pyrolysis temperature. The results highlighted the effect of pyrolysis temperature on biochar pores accumulative that associated with soil fertility and nutrient retention in soil which could be beneficial to the agricultural industries.
Water hyacinth in scientific name is known as Eichhornia crassipes. As an aquatic pest plant, water hyacinth are growing in water flow, rivers and lakes. Water hyacinth can spread rapidly from the ...normal size to two times in a few weeks to configure a mat on water surface. The presence of water hyacinth reduced the oxygen amount and nutrient around the area where water hyacinth are growing. Furthermore, the water flow and water traffic will be blocked by water hyacinth. However, water hyacinth not only a problematic plant but also a rich plant due to valuable chemicals such as lignin, cellulose and hemicellulose inside. These chemicals contribute to the utilization of water hyacinth as a biofuel. In addition, the performance of water hyacinth as absorber of various heavy metals has been proved. Objective of this paper is to comprehensive review on potential and threat of water hyacinth in environment.
The influence of the blending ratio of biodegradable starch/polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)/glycerol in encapsulating urea has been investigated. It is found that water absorption capacity increased ...approximately 135 % as the amounts of starch, PVA and glycerol in the composite film increase. Therefore, the swell ability of the composite film is increased and the urea is released from the composite film in the wet environment. The FTIR shows that the urea had been encapsulated successfully in the composite films. Moreover, the soil burial biodegradation results indicated that the biodegradability of the starch/PVA/glycerol/urea composite film strongly depended on the PVA proportion in the composite film matrix. The DSC results show that the higher the amount of PVA in the composite film, the less change of the melting enthalpy value. The crystalline region of PVA remains after biodegradation.
This community service activity aims to increase the reading interest of the Murni Orphanage children through the Literacy Diary method. The method of implementing this service used mentoring by ...implementing reading activities for 15 minutes every day and writing down the results of the reading in a Literacy Diary. Questionnaires were used to evaluate this activity, and the results were analyzed descriptively. The results of this community service activity could increase children's interest in reading, with a satisfaction level of 77.8% of the usefulness indicator for activity participants. The indicators of the success of this service also included the equipment used during the activity, the atmosphere and situation during the implementation of the activity, activity time, the media, reading materials/materials, guidance from a mentor, reading literacy practices, mentor's adaptability, and mastery of the material from the mentor respectively.
As a lignocellulose source, banana peel has possibility to convert to be a solid biofuel. This current research applied Tanduk banana peels waste for main material of briquette. The aim of this ...research is to observe the effect of temperature during carbonization of banana peels and its impact on densification of banana peel to produce a high quality of briquette. Carbonization temperature of banana peels was carried at three different temperatures of 270 (C270), 370 (C370) and 470 (C470) oC. The densification of carbonized banana peel was 40.0 tons. Furthermore, densification also performed on the non-carbonization of banana peel (NC) on order to compare the results without presence of any binder materials. Initial results involved proximate analysis to fulfill the briquette standard requirement and compressive analysis to investigate the strength of briquette. The proximate analysis shown that moisture content of carbonized briquettes were about 5.00 to 6.06 %, ash content were about 20.59 to 30.03 %, volatile matter were about 61.91 to 70.15 % and fixed carbon were about 2.00 to 3.80 % respectively. These findings quite different with non-carbonized briquette. In addition, the compressive analysis obtained that the non-carbonized (NC) briquette produce the highest compressive load limit. Compressive analysis is important to know the ability of briquette to resist the load for logistics purposes. The preliminary results support the idea that banana peels waste are potential to be process as a briquette of solid biofuel.
This research focused on effect of commercial oil additive (COA) with engine lubricants of four-stroke motorcycle engine with 110 cc of cylinder. The mineral engine lubricant (MEL) and semi-synthetic ...engine lubricant (SSEL) have been applied to observe the effect of COA in volume ratio of 1:0.06. The COA was mixture physically with engine lubricants. As a preliminary observation, the mileage was 0, 200 and 300 kilometers. The basic monitoring of lubricant such as, viscosity, flash point, antiwear, oxidation number, total base number and water content, were distinguished between MEL and SSEL in the presence of COA. Blended between MEL and COA has increased the viscosity about 11.11 % from 300 km of mileage, while SSEL and COA only increased 1.25 % of viscosity. The water content analysis revealed that for 300 km of mileage has decreased about 7.72 % found in mixture of SSEL and COA form 300 km of mileage. The results of this study indicated that the role of COA can be applied as an external additive for maintenance purpose of four-stroke motorcycle engine
As a consequence of an increasing in durian season in a year, many durian peels become a garbage. However, the valuable contents in durian peel namely lignin and cellulose are wasted away. These ...contents have high possibility to be modified as a biofuel. The purpose of this current study is to investigate the effect of binders on briquetting of durian peel, particularly modification of starch composition as a binder. In this study, the durian peel was treated by drying, milling and carbonization at 370 oC. The binders were starch and calcium hydroxide. The ratio between durian peel and various binders was 4 % of weight. In binding with starch, the weight ratio of starch and water as a solvent was modified by 1:4, 1:8 and 1:12 respectively. The durian peels were mixture physically with binders and formed into cylindrical shape. Analysis on briquette involved proximate analysis, theoretical calorific value and compressive test. The calorific value revealed that briquette non-carbonized has highest theoretical calorific value (18.62 MJ/kg) and its compressive test was 130.19 MPa. The present study has found that starch and calcium hydroxide could be applied as a binder for briquetting of durian peel as a solid biofuel
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