Previous attempts to review the literature on magnetic nanomaterials for hyperthermia-based therapy focused primarily on magnetic fluid hyperthermia (MFH) using mono metallic/metal oxide ...nanoparticles. The term “hyperthermia” in the literature was also confined only to include use of heat for therapeutic applications. Recently, there have been a number of publications demonstrating magnetic nanoparticle-based hyperthermia to generate local heat resulting in the release of drugs either bound to the magnetic nanoparticle or encapsulated within polymeric matrices. In this review article, we present a case for broadening the meaning of the term “hyperthermia” by including thermotherapy as well as magnetically modulated controlled drug delivery. We provide a classification for controlled drug delivery using hyperthermia: Hyperthermia-based controlled drug delivery through bond breaking (DBB) and hyperthermia-based controlled drug delivery through enhanced permeability (DEP). The review also covers, for the first time, core–shell type magnetic nanomaterials, especially nanoshells prepared using layer-by-layer self-assembly, for the application of hyperthermia-based therapy and controlled drug delivery. The highlight of the review article is to portray potential opportunities for the combination of hyperthermia-based therapy and controlled drug release paradigms -towards successful application in personalized medicine.
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•Introduced Dox-loaded SPIONs@Au nanoparticles for combination therapy of cancer.•Performed physical characterization and tested for heat, drug release efficacy.•Cell viability ...studies were tested using a cancerous and a non-cancer cell line.•Heat release is strongly influenced by medium, applied frequency and time.•Doxorubicin release is more under acidic conditions and with applied frequency.
In the present work, nanohybrid of an anticancer drug, doxorubicin (Dox) loaded gold-coated superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs@Au) were prepared for a combination therapy of cancer by means of both hyperthermia and drug delivery. The Dox molecules were conjugated to SPIONs@Au nanoparticles with the help of cysteamine (Cyst) as a non-covalent space linker and the Dox loading efficiency was investigated to be as high as 0.32mg/mg. Thus synthesized particles were characterized by HRTEM, UV–Vis, FT-IR, SQUID magnetic studies and further tested for heat and drug release at low frequency oscillatory magnetic fields. The hyperthermia studies investigated to be strongly influenced by the applied frequency and the solvents used. The Dox delivery studies indicated that the drug release efficacy is strongly improved by maintaining the acidic pH conditions and the oscillatory magnetic fields, i.e. an enhancement in the Dox release was observed from the oscillation of particles due to the applied frequency, and is not effected by heating of the solution. Finally, the in vitro cell viability and proliferation studies were conducted using two different immortalized cell lines containing a cancerous (MCF-7 breast cancer) and non-cancerous H9c2 cardiac cell type.
The integration of large intelligent surfaces (LIS) with non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) networks has emerged as a promising solution to enhance the capacity and coverage of wireless ...communication systems. In this study, we analyse the performance of a NOMA network with the assistance of LIS. We propose a system model where a base station (BS) equipped with a LIS serves multiple users. The LIS consists of many passive elements that can influence the wireless channel by adjusting the reflection coefficients. We consider a downlink scenario where the BS transmits to multiple users simultaneously using NOMA, and the LIS helps to improve the signal quality and coverage. We additionally evaluate the efficiency of the suggested LIS-assisted NOMA network. In addition, we evaluate the efficiency of the LIS-assisted NOMA network in comparison to conventional NOMA systems that do not utilize LISs. The findings indicate that the LIS has a notable impact on enhancing the system's performance in terms of diversity gain, probability of error, and pairwise error probability (PEP). Moreover, the suggested LIS-assisted NOMA network is shown to be superior to conventional NOMA systems through comparison. These findings offer useful insights into the performance analysis of LIS-assisted NOMA networks. They also serve as inspiration and motivation for future research and development in this new subject, with the potential to revolutionize wireless communication systems.
In our work, a novel organic single crystal, 8-hydroxyquinolinium 3,4-dimethoxybenzoate (8-HDMB) was synthesized by the slow evaporated solution growth technique that uses ethanol: acetone as a mixed ...solvent. The crystal structure, cell dimensions, and space group were experimentally determined using the single-crystal X-ray diffraction (XRD) technique where the 8-HDMB compound crystallizes in the triclinic crystal system. The presence of various functional groups and their vibrational modes were confirmed by the Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and laser Raman spectroscopic analyses. The optical transparency was examined within the wavelength range of 100–800 nm and the energy-gap was calculated. Moreover, the linear optical studies provide information about the wide transparency window in the UV region with the 306 nm as the lower cut off wavelength and 3.65 eV as the optical bandgap. The thermal stability of 8-HDMB was found to be up to 130 °C, while the mechanical properties by the Vickers microhardness test confirmed for its hardness against the applied loads. Further, the quantitative and qualitative analysis provided the photoluminescence properties and with the use of the Kurtz–Perry powder procedure, the enhanced SHG (second harmonic generation) efficiency of 8-HDMB grown crystal was investigated.
The present work deals with the synthesis, characterization, and photocatalytic degradation of PrO2–MgO nanocomposite where it was formed by the green approach. Following the synthesis, many ...different kinds of instrumental analysis for the investigation of crystal structure, morphology, size, shape, elemental analysis, optical properties, etc. For the efficiency testing of PrO2-MgO, the photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue dye in the presence of visible light was used and for that, the spectrophotochemical technique was employed. The rate of dye degradation in accordance with the changes in solution pH, dye concentration, photocatalyst amount, and light intensity was measured, where the results supported 100 % degradation under the optimum conditions.
causes zoonotic malaria across Southeast Asia. First-line diagnostic microscopy cannot reliably differentiate
from other human malaria species. Rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) designed for
and
are used ...routinely in
co-endemic areas despite potential cross-reactivity for species-specific antibody targets.
Ten RDTs were evaluated: nine to detect clinical
infections from Malaysia, and nine assessing limit of detection (LoD) for
and
(
) cultures. Targets included
-genus parasite lactate dehydrogenase (pan-pLDH) and
(
)-pLDH.
Samples were collected prior to antimalarial treatment from 127 patients with microscopy-positive PCR-confirmed
mono-infections. Median parasitaemia was 788/µL (IQR 247-5,565/µL). Pan-pLDH sensitivities ranged from 50.6% (95% CI 39.6-61.5) (SD BIOLINE) to 87.0% (95% CI 75.1-94.6) (First Response
and CareStart™ PAN) compared to reference PCR.
-pLDH RDTs detected
with up to 92.0% (95% CI 84.3-96.7%) sensitivity (Biocredit™). For parasite counts ≥200/µL, pan-pLDH (Standard Q) and
-pLDH RDTs exceeded 95% sensitivity. Specificity of RDTs against 26 PCR-confirmed negative controls was 100%. Sensitivity of six highest performing RDTs were not significantly different when comparing samples taken before and after (median 3 hours) antimalarial treatment. Parasite ring stages were present in 30% of pre-treatment samples, with ring stage proportions (mean 1.9%) demonstrating inverse correlation with test positivity of Biocredit™ and two CareStart™ RDTs.For cultured
, CareStart™ PAN demonstrated the lowest LoD at 25 parasites/µL; LoDs of other pan-pLDH ranged from 98 to >2000 parasites/µL.
-pLDH LoD for
was 49 parasites/µL. No false-positive results were observed in either
-pLDH or histidine-rich-protein-2 channels.
Selected RDTs demonstrate sufficient performance for detection of major human malaria species including
in co-endemic areas where microscopy is not available, particularly for higher parasite counts, although cannot reliably differentiate among
malaria.
In therapeutic diagnostics, early diagnosis and monitoring of heart disease is dependent on fast time-series MRI data processing. Robust encryption techniques are necessary to guarantee patient ...confidentiality. While deep learning (DL) algorithm have improved medical imaging, privacy and performance are still hard to balance. In this study, a novel approach for analyzing homomorphivally-encrypted (HE) time-series MRI data is introduced: The Multi-Faceted Long Short-Term Memory (MF-LSTM). This method includes privacy protection. The MF-LSTM architecture protects patient’s privacy while accurately categorizing and forecasting cardiac disease, with accuracy (97.5%), precision (96.5%), recall (98.3%), and F1-score (97.4%). While segmentation methods help to improve interpretability by identifying important region in encrypted MRI images, Generalized Histogram Equalization (GHE) improves image quality. Extensive testing on selected dataset if encrypted time-series MRI images proves the method’s stability and efficacy, outperforming previous approaches. The finding shows that the suggested technique can decode medical image to expose visual representation as well as sequential movement while protecting privacy and providing accurate medical image evaluation.
The work discusses about the anti-cancer drug release effects of tumor-bearing mice and the tumor targeted efficiency following the injection of folic acid-bound 5-Fluororacil loaded Mn:ZnS quantum ...dots. Display omitted
•In-depth analysis of targeted quantum dots using many different instrumental methods.•Stability of colloidal particles was studied using in vivo mouse models.•5-Fluroracil drug release effects by means of pH and temperature were studied.•Toxicity and intracellular effects of Mn:ZnS quantum dots were studied in vitro.•In vivo tumor targeting effects of folic acid targeted particles were investigated.
In this study, we modulated the anti-cancer efficacy of 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) using a carrier system with enhanced targeting efficacy towards folate receptors (FRs) expressing malignant tissues. The 5-FU drug was loaded onto Mn-ZnS quantum dots (QDs) encapsulated with chitosan (CS) biopolymer and conjugated with folic acid (FA) based on a simple wet chemical method. The formation of 5-FU drug loaded composite was confirmed using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Furthermore, the in vivo biodistribution and tumor targeting specificity of the 5-FU@FACS-Mn:ZnS in the tumor-bearing mice was conducted based on the Zn2+ tissue bioaccumulation using inductively coupled plasma (ICP) spectroscopy. In addition to the characterization, the in vitro release profile of 5-FU from the conjugates investigated under diffusion controlled method demonstrated a controlled release behaviour as compared against the release behaviour of free 5-FU drug. The as-synthesized 5-FU@FACS-Mn:ZnS nanoparticle (NP) systemically induced higher level of apoptosis in breast cancer cells in vitro as compared to cells treated with free 5-FU drug following both cell cycle and annexin assays, respectively. Also, the in vivo toxicity assessment of the 5-FU@FACS-Mn:ZnS NPs as compared to the control did not cause any significant increase in the activities of the liver and kidney function biomarkers, malondialdehyde (MDA) and nitric oxide (NO) levels. However, based on the FA-FRs chemistry, the 5-FU@FACS-Mn:ZnS NPs specifically accumulated in the tumor of the tumor-bearing mice and thus contributed to the smaller tumor size and less event of metastasis was observed in the lungs when compared to the tumor-bearing mice groups treated with the free 5-FU drug. In summary, the results demonstrated that the 5-FU@FACS-Mn:ZnS QDs exhibits selective anti-tumor effect in MDA-MB231 breast cancer cells in vitro and 4TI breast cancer cells in vivo, providing a blueprint for improving the 5-FU efficacy and tumor targeting specificity with limited systemic toxicity.
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Nano ceria is considered to be an antioxidative agent due to its fast oxido-reductive capability and there has been a number of studies that deal with the non-toxic nature of cerium ...oxide; however, the antioxidative capacity is mostly influenced by the presence of Ce3+/Ce4+ in the sample. We studied for the first time the oxidative nature of CeO2 nanoparticles (NPs) on in vitro systems and we hypothesized that if the oxido-reductive behavior of Ce is not well utilized which may lead to adverse toxic effects. Since, we have been interested to combine the oxido-reductive potential of nano ceria with that of the antimicrobial, antioxidative, and biosorption properties of trimethyl chitosan (TMC). We hypothesize that such a design will not only modulate the oxidant activity of CeO2 NPs, but also will help to provide enhanced antimicrobial, antioxidative, and adsorption properties. We present here the synthesis, characterization, biological activity and biosorption performance of the TMC-CeO2 composite and its efficiency was tested by comparing the results with that of other materials (pure CeO2, pure chitosan, and pure TMC). The polymer composite formation was thoroughly analyzed by means of UV–vis, FTIR, zeta potential, powdered XRD, and XPS studies. Further, the in vitro antibacterial and antioxidative assays proved that the coating of CeO2 with TMC biopolymer significantly enhances its biological efficiency by increasing the interaction of the CeO2 composite with that of bacterial cell wall, and also serving as the free radical scavenger. In addition to bioactivity, we also observed some enhanced biosorption performance towards the removal of phenolic compounds (phenol, 2-chlorophenol, and 4-chlorophenol) by the TMC-CeO2 composite, thereby supporting its role during the waste water treatment.
Geotechnical designs and analyses of earth structures and foundations exclusively involve the assessment and consideration of unsaturated soil shear strength. The laboratory testing equipment and ...methods for predicting the unsaturated soil shear strength are complicated and more expensive. The experimental program attempted to involve undrained triaxial and filter paper for evaluating the unsaturated soil shear strength of identically compacted clayey soil. This study undertakes a comparison of shear strength in clayey soil under undrained loads, examining both saturated and unsaturated conditions. A 60 kPa air entry suction value is the key point at which linearity between the unsaturated shear strength parameter Øb and effective friction Ø′ with 15° linear slopes turns to non-linearity. Unsaturated shear strength increased by 22.76% in optimally wet conditions, 52.68% in optimum conditions, and 77.81% in optimally dry conditions as compared to saturated shear strength. This study utilizes an artificial neural network (ANN) to predict clayey soil’s unsaturated shear strength, finding that the optimal ANN configuration (2-5-1 topology, Levenberg–Marquard optimization, and logsig transfer function) achieved high reliability with a correlation coefficient (R) of 0.9289 and mean square error values of 2.22, 7.12, and 3.012 for training, testing, and validation, respectively. This experimental investigation improves our understanding of clayey soil shear strength and emphasizes the importance of saturation and moisture content in geotechnical assessments under undrained loading conditions.
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