Paraprobiotics, non-viable versions of probiotic microorganisms, offer a promising prophylactic strategy in aquaculture, addressing concerns about the safety and functionality of probiotics while ...harnessing similar health benefits for fish and shellfish. This study determined the dietary effects of paraprobiotic preparation from
Bacillus amyloliquefaciens
COFCAU_P1 to support the immune system and control
Aeromonas hydrophila
infection in
Labeo rohita
fingerlings. Paraprobiotic was prepared by heat and formalin inactivation of the probiotic
B. amyloliquefaciens
and subsequently analyzed by scanning electron microscopy. The cellular immunological responses viz. superoxide anion, myeloperoxidase activity, nitric oxide production, and leucocyte proliferation of rohu head-kidney (HK) leucocytes increased significantly with different doses (10
6
, 10
7
, and 10
8
cells ml
−1
) of both heat and formalin-inactivated preparations in vitro. Both preparations significantly enhanced the in vitro immune gene (IL-1β and IFN-γ) expression, indicating their immunostimulatory response at the molecular level. As the formalin-inactivated preparation showed a better immune response, it was selected for the subsequent in vivo experiment. Dietary administration of formalin-inactivated
B. amyloliquefaciens
at different doses (10
6
, 10
7
, and 10
8
cells g
−1
feed) showed significantly higher responses in innate immune (respiratory burst, myeloperoxidase, and anti-protease activity) and biochemical parameters (total protein, albumin, globulin alkaline phosphatase activity, and glucose content). Resistance against experimental
A. hydrophila
infection was increased significantly after 30 days of feeding of the formalin-inactivated
B. amyloliquefaciens
. At the paraprobiotic dose of 1 × 10
8
cells g
−1
feed, the maximum immune response and survivability against
A. hydrophila
infection were observed. It can be inferred from the results that formalin-inactivated
B. amyloliquefaciens
paraprobiotic can be used as a promising immunostimulant in aquaculture. The potency of
B. amyloliquefaciens
paraprobiotic to enhance immunity and survivability of rohu against experimental
A. hydrophila
infection is worth mentioning.
This study aimed to evaluate the autochthonous bacterial strains of intestinal origin from the Labeo catla for their prospective use as probiotic. COFAHE_Pro08 and COFAHE_Pro06 were selected (out of ...31 bacteria strains) for their potent antimicrobial activity against pathogenic Aeromonas hydrophila ATCC 7965. The Pro08 and Pro06 strains were identified as Bacillus pumilus and Lysinibacillus macroides, respectively, by 16S rRNA sequencing. The Pro08 showed a high multi-specific antibiosis efficiency score and a high spectrum of antibacterial activity. The Pro08 showed more pH and bile tolerance than the Pro06. In the in vitro adhesion study, Pro06 exhibited more cell-surface hydrophobicity while Pro08 showed a better capability of auto and co-aggregation along with biofilm-forming ability. The Pro08 significantly adhered to mucosal-surfaces. The Pro08 showed positive protease, amylase, lipase, and cellulase activity, the Pro06 was positive only for lipase activity. The radical-scavenging activity was significantly higher in Pro08 than Pro06. The Pro06 was resistant to oxacillin antibiotics, while pro08 was susceptible to all the tested antibiotics. Both strains were non-haemolytic and were non-toxic to fish embryos. No mortality or clinical-signs were observed during the challenged study in L. catla. B. pumilus exhibited better probiotic attributes than L. macrolides for a novel application in aquaculture.
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has emerged as a significant public health emergency in recent times. It is a respiratory illness caused by the novel virus, severe acute respiratory syndrome ...coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which was initially reported in late December 2019. In a span of 6 months, this pandemic spread across the globe leading to high morbidity and mortality rates. Soon after the identification of the causative virus, questions concerning the impact of environmental factors on the dissemination and transmission of the virus, its persistence in environmental matrices, and infectivity potential begin to emerge. As the environmental factors could have far-reaching consequences on infection dissemination and severity, it is essential to understand the linkage between these factors and the COVID-19 outbreak. In order to improve our current understanding over this topic, the present article summarizes topical and substantial observations made regarding the influences of abiotic environmental factors such as climate, temperature, humidity, wind speed, air, and water quality, solid surfaces/interfaces, frozen food, and biotic factors like age, sex, gender, blood type, population density, behavioural characteristics, etc. on the transmission, persistence, and infectivity of this newly recognized SARS-CoV-2 virus. Further, the potential pathways of virus transmission that could pose risk to population health have been discussed, and the critical areas have been identified which merits urgent research for the assessment and management of the COVID-19 outbreak. Where possible, the knowledge gaps requiring further investigation have been highlighted.
Prothionamide (PTH), a second line antitubercular drug is used to administer in conventional oral route. However, its unpredictable absorption and frequent administration limit its use. An alternate ...approach was thought of administering PTH through pulmonary route in a form of nanoparticles, which can sustain the release for several hours in lungs. Chitosan, a bio-degradable polymer was used to coat PTH and further freeze dried to prepare dry powder inhaler (DPI) with aerodynamic particle size of 1.76μm. In vitro release study showed initial burst release followed by sustained release up to 96.91% in 24h. In vitro release further correlated with in vivo study. Prepared DPI maintained the PTH concentration above MIC for more than 12h after single dose administration and increased the PTH residency in the lungs tissue more than 24h. Animal study also revealed the reduction of dose in pulmonary administration, which will improve the management of tuberculosis.
Neuromorphic computing (NC), which emulates neural activities of the human brain, is considered for the low-power implementation of artificial intelligence. Toward realizing NC, fabrication, and ...investigations of hardware elementssuch as synaptic devices and neuronsare crucial. Electrolyte gating has been widely used for conductance modulation by massive carrier injections and has proven to be an effective way of emulating biological synapses. Synaptic devices, in the form of synaptic transistors, have been studied using various materials. Despite the remarkable progress, the study of metallic channel-based synaptic transistors remains massively unexplored. Here, we demonstrated a three-terminal electrolyte gating-modulated synaptic transistor based on a metallic cobalt thin film to emulate biological synapses. We have realized gating-controlled, non-volatile, and distinct multilevel conductance states in the proposed device. The essential synaptic functions demonstrating both short-term and long-term plasticity have been emulated in the synaptic device. A transition from short-term to long-term memory has been realized by tuning the gate pulse parameters, such as amplitude and duration. The crucial cognitive behavior, including learning, forgetting, and re-learning, has been emulated, showing a resemblance to the human brain. Beyond that, dynamic filtering behavior has been experimentally implemented in the synaptic device. These results provide an insight into the design of metallic channel-based synaptic transistors for NC.
Abstract
The recognition of the AUG start codon and selection of an open reading frame (ORF) is fundamental to protein biosynthesis. Defect in the fidelity of start codon selection adversely affect ...proteome and have a pleiotropic effect on cellular function. Using proteomic techniques, we identified differential protein abundance in the translation initiation fidelity defective eIF5
G31R
mutant that initiates translation using UUG codon in addition to the AUG start codon. Consistently, the eIF5
G31R
mutant altered proteome involved in protein catabolism, nucleotide biosynthesis, lipid biosynthesis, carbohydrate metabolism, oxidation–reduction pathway, autophagy and re-programs the cellular pathways. The utilization of the upstream UUG codons by the eIF5
G31R
mutation caused downregulation of uridylate kinase expression, sensitivity to hydroxyurea, and DNA damage. The eIF5
G31R
mutant cells showed lower glutathione levels, high ROS activity, and sensitivity to H
2
O
2
.
Epitaxial ferrimagnetic thin films of (Co, Ru) Fe2O4 were grown on MgO (001) substrate using pulsed laser deposition technique. Ruthenium substitution in cobalt ferrite has increased the conductivity ...by orders of magnitude, but it has a minimal effect on magnetic properties. The film has a high coercivity and perpendicular magnetic anisotropy (PMA), where the magnetic easy axis points perpendicular to the film surface. We report the magnetic and electrical transport properties here. The temperature variation of resistivity showed different conduction mechanisms at high and low-temperature regimes. Room temperature Hall measurement reveals “n” type carrier with a carrier concentration of 4×1020/cm3. The film showed negative MR and a linear decrement with the magnetic field without any saturation.
For agricultural safety and sustainability, instead of synthetic fertilizers the eco-friendly and inexpensive biological applications include members of plant-growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) ...genera,
Pseudomonas
spp. will be an excellent alternative option to bioinoculants as they do not threaten the soil biota. The effect of phosphate solubilizing bacteria (PSB)
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
(MK 764942.1)
on groundnuts’ growth and yield parameters was studied under field conditions. The strain was combined with a single super phosphate and tested in different combinations for yield improvement. Integration of bacterial strain with P fertilizer gave significantly higher pod yield ranging from 7.36 to 13.18% compared to plots where sole inorganic fertilizers were applied. Similarly, the combined application of PSB and inorganic P fertilizer significantly influenced plant height and number of branches compared to sole. However, a higher influence of phosphorous application (both PSB and P fertilizer) observed both nodule dry weight and number of nodules. Combined with single super phosphate (100% P) topped in providing better yield attributing characters (pod yield, haulm yield, biomass yield, 1000 kernel weight, and shelling percentage) in groundnut. Higher oil content was also recorded with plants treated with
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
combined with single super phosphate (SSP) (100% P). Nutrients like nitrogen (N), phosphorous (P), and potassium (K) concentrations were positively influenced in shoot and kernel by combined application. In contrast, Ca, Mg, and S were found to be least influenced by variations of Phosphorous. Plants treated with
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
and lower doses of SSP (75% P) recorded higher shoot and kernel P. We found that co-inoculation with PSB and SSP could be an auspicious substitute for utilizing P fertilizer in enhancing yield and protecting nutrient concentrations in groundnut cultivation. Therefore, PSB can be a good substitute for bio-fertilizers to promote agricultural sustainability.
PDF
