Acute renal failure is a common complication caused by Bothrops viper envenomation. In this study, the nefrotoxicity of a main component of B. leucurus venom called L-aminoacid oxidase (LAAO-Bl) was ...evaluated by using tubular epithelial cell lines MDCK and HK-2 and perfused kidney from rats. LAAO-Bl exhibited cytotoxicity, inducing apoptosis and necrosis in MDCK and HK-2 cell lines in a concentration-dependent manner. MDCK apoptosis induction was accompanied by Ca2+ release from the endoplasmic reticulum, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and mitochondrial dysfunction with enhanced expression of Bax protein levels. LAAO-Bl induced caspase-3 and caspase-7 activation in both cell lines. LAAO-Bl (10 μg/mL) exerts significant effects on the isolated kidney perfusion increasing perfusion pressure and urinary flow and decreasing the glomerular filtration rate and sodium, potassium and chloride tubular transport. Taken together our results suggest that LAAO-Bl is responsible for the nephrotoxicity observed in the envenomation by snakebites. Moreover, the cytotoxic of LAAO-Bl to renal epithelial cells might be responsible, at least in part, for the nephrotoxicity observed in isolated kidney.
Snake envenomation (Bothrops genus) is common in tropical countries and acute kidney injury is one of the complications observed in Bothrops snakebite with relevant morbidity and mortality. Here, we ...showed that Bothropoides pauloensis venom (BpV) decreased cell viability (IC50 of 7.5 μg/mL). Flow cytometry with annexin V and propidium iodide showed that cell death occurred predominantly by apoptosis and late apoptosis, through caspases 3 and 7 activation, mitochondrial membrane potential collapse and ROS overproduction. BpV reduced perfusion pressure, renal vascular resistance, urinary flow, glomerular filtration rate, percentage of sodium, chloride or potassium tubular transportation. These findings demonstrated that BpV cytotoxicity on renal epithelial cells might be responsible for the nephrotoxicity observed in isolated kidney.
•Bothropoides pauloensis venom induced apoptosis and necrosis in MDCK cells.•The venom induced caspases 3 and 7 activation, mitochondrial depolarization and ROS overproduction in MDCK cells.•B. pauloensis venom induced alterations in rat isolated kidney.
Bothropoides insularis (jararaca-ilhoa) is a native endemic snake limited to the specific region of Queimada Island, on São Paulo coast. Several local and systemic effects have been described due to ...envenomation caused by it, such as edema, tissue necrosis, hemorrhage and acute renal failure. Our previous studies have shown that Bothropoides insularis venom (BinsV) demonstrated important functional and morphologic alterations in rat isolated kidney, especially decrease in tubular electrolyte transport, osmotic clearance and tubular necrosis. In order to elucidate the direct nephrotoxicity mechanism, the aim of the present study was to investigate BinsV cytotoxicity effect on renal epithelial cells. The treatment with BinsV over MDCK culture decreased cell viability in all concentrations tested with IC50 of 9 μg/mL. BinsV was able to induce membrane rupture and cell death with phosphatidilserine externalization. Furthermore, BinsV induced ROS overproduction and mitochondrial membrane potential collapse, as well as Bax translocation and caspases 3 and 7 expression. Therefore, these events might be responsible by BinsV-induced cell death caused by mitochondrial dysfunction and ROS overproduction in the direct cytotoxicity process.
•We studied the changes induced by Bothropoides insularis venom over renal cells.•This venom causes cytotoxicity by necrotic and apoptotic mechanisms.•This effect is related to overproduction of ROS and mitochondrial dysfunction.
In this paired case-control study of infants with diarrhea in São Paulo, we examined the association between HEp-2-adherent Escherichia coli strains and diarrhea. We tested isolates from stool ...specimens of infants with diarrhea and matched controls in an HEp-2 cell adherence assay; we then hybridized isolates with DNA probes and identified enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC), enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC), and diffusely adherent E. coli (DAEC). From 100 patient-control pairs, we isolated 78 HEp-2-adherent strains; of these, 61 strains were single pathogens identified in stools of infants with diarrhea. While typical EPEC was significantly associated with diarrhea (p<0.001), EAEC was more frequently associated with diarrhea in clinical cases (20%) compared with healthy controls (3%) (p<0.001). Atypical EPEC, showing a localized adherence-like pattern, was also more common in patients than controls (p>0.1). DAEC was isolated with equal frequency from patients and controls (p>0.1).
Objectives
To investigate the effect of antineoplastic therapy (AT) in the periodontal tissues of childhood cancer (CC) patients.
Materials and methods
Seventy-two individuals were divided into CC (
...n
=36) and healthy individuals (control group—CG,
n
=36). Demographics, hygiene habits, CC type, and AT were collected. Salivary flow and the presence and concentration of
Porphyromonas gingivalis
,
Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans
,
Tannerella forsythia
, and
Fusobacterium nucleatum
were analyzed. Clinical evaluation included plaque (PI) and gingival indexes (GI), periodontal probing depth (PPD), and clinical attachment level (CAL). Patients were classified into periodontal health, gingivitis, or periodontitis. Descriptive statistics,
T
test, Mann-Whitney test, chi-square, Fisher’s exact test, and two-way analysis of variance were used (
p
<0.05).
Results
The mean age of the patients was similar (CC 12.0±3.9 years and CG 12.0±4.0 years). In the CC group, all patients underwent chemotherapy and nine radiotherapy. Color/race, income, and family education showed significant differences between groups. There was no difference between groups in salivary flow. Higher levels of
Fusobacterium nucleatum
were seen in CC (
p
=0.02). Significant difference between groups was found for PI (CC: 30.5%, CG: 22.6%), GI (CC: 28.8%, CG: 17.3%), PPD (CC: 1.77 mm, CG: 1.61 mm), and CAL (CC: 1.77 mm, CG: 1.57 mm), periodontal health (CC: 3, CG: 7), gingivitis (CC: 16, CG: 24), or periodontitis (CC: 17, CG: 5).
Conclusion
AT in CC patients presents a negative impact in the periodontal and microbiological parameters.
Clinical relevance
Childhood cancer individuals showed worse periodontal parameters and higher levels of
Fusobacterium nucleatum
in the saliva when compared to healthy individuals.
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The utilization of natural compounds, such as phenolic acids and biopolymers, in the healthcare domain is gaining increasing attention. In this study, bacterial nanocellulose (BC) ...membranes were loaded with ionic liquids (ILs) based on phenolic acids. These ionic compounds, with improved solubility and bioavailability, were prepared by combining the cholinium cation with anions derived from caffeic, ellagic and gallic acids. The obtained BC-ILs membranes were homogeneous, conformable and their swelling ability agreed with the solubility of each IL. These membranes revealed a controlled ILs dissolution rate in the wet state and high antioxidant activity. In vitro assays performed with Raw 264.7 macrophages and HaCaT keratinocytes revealed that these novel BC-ILs membranes are non-cytotoxic and present relevant anti-inflammatory properties. Diffusion studies with Hanson vertical diffusion cells showed a prolonged release profile of the ILs from the BC membranes. Thus, this work, successfully demonstrates the potential of BC-ILs membranes for skin treatment.
In vivo studies show the benefits of the trypsin inhibitor isolated from tamarind (
L.) (TTI) seeds in satiety and obesity. In the present study, TTI nanoencapsulation (ECW) was performed to ...potentialize the effect of TTI and allow a controlled release in the stomach. The impact on glycemia, insulin, and lipid profile was evaluated in
rats overfed with a high glycemic index diet (HGLI). Characterization of the nanoparticles and in vitro stability in simulated gastrointestinal conditions, monitored by antitrypsin activity and HPLC, was performed. ECW and empty nanoparticles (CW) were administered by gavage, using 12.5 and 10.0 mg/kg, respectively. Both nanoformulations presented a spherical shape and smooth surface, with an average diameter of 117.4 nm (24.1) for ECW and 123.9 nm (11.3) for CW. ECW maintained the antitrypsin activity (95.5%) in the gastric phase, while TTI was completely hydrolyzed. In
rats, the nanoformulations significantly reduced glycemia and HOMA IR, and ECW increased HDL-c compared to CW (
< 0.05).Pancreas histopathology of animals treated with ECW suggested an onset of tissue repair. Thenanoencapsulation provided TTI protection, gradual release in the desired condition, and improvement of biochemical parameters related to carbohydrate metabolism disorders,without compromising insulinemia.
Microcystis blooms and the subsequent release of hepatotoxic microcystins (MCs) pose a serious threat to the safety of water for human and livestock consumption, agriculture irrigation, and ...aquaculture worldwide. Microcystin-LR (MC-LR), the most toxic variant of MCs, has been widely detected in a variety of environments such as water, sediments, plants, and many aquatic organisms. Conventional solutions of water treatment are costly, requiring specific infrastructure, as well as specialized personnel and equipment. Therefore, these solutions are not feasible in many rural areas or in the treatment of large reservoirs. In this regard, low-cost and low-technology solutions, such as constructed wetlands (CWs), are attractive solutions to treat surface waters contaminated with toxic cyanobacteria blooms from lakes, ponds, reservoirs, and irrigation systems. In line with this, the main aim of this work was to evaluate the potential of CWs for the treatment of water contaminated with MC-LR produced by Microcystis aeruginosa—LEGE 91094. For that, microcosms (0.4 × 0.3 × 0.3 m) simulating CWs were assembled with Phragmites australis to treat lake water contaminated with Microcystis aeruginosa cells and MCs. Results showed removal percentages of M. aeruginosa cells above 94% and about 99% removal of MC-LR during 1 week treatment cycles. CWs maintained their functions, regardless the presence of MC-LR in the system, and also showed significant removal of nutrients (ammonium ion removal up to 86%) and organic matter (removal reaching 98%). The present work indicates that CWs have the potential for removal of cyanobacterial cells and cyanotoxins, which can be useful for the treatment of eutrophic waters and provide water of sufficient quality to be used, for instance, in agriculture.
Background
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) has evolved into a pandemic infectious disease transmitted by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS‐CoV‐2). Allergists and other ...healthcare providers (HCPs) in the field of allergies and associated airway diseases are on the front line, taking care of patients potentially infected with SARS‐CoV‐2. Hence, strategies and practices to minimize risks of infection for both HCPs and treated patients have to be developed and followed by allergy clinics.
Method
The scientific information on COVID‐19 was analysed by a literature search in MEDLINE, PubMed, the National and International Guidelines from the European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (EAACI), the Cochrane Library, and the internet.
Results
Based on the diagnostic and treatment standards developed by EAACI, on international information regarding COVID‐19, on guidelines of the World Health Organization (WHO) and other international organizations, and on previous experience, a panel of experts including clinicians, psychologists, IT experts, and basic scientists along with EAACI and the “Allergic Rhinitis and its Impact on Asthma (ARIA)” initiative have developed recommendations for the optimal management of allergy clinics during the current COVID‐19 pandemic. These recommendations are grouped into nine sections on different relevant aspects for the care of patients with allergies.
Conclusions
This international Position Paper provides recommendations on operational plans and procedures to maintain high standards in the daily clinical care of allergic patients while ensuring the necessary safety measures in the current COVID‐19 pandemic.
Animal venoms are complex mixtures of proteins and non proteins components with several biological activities. Snake venoms represent an essentially unexplored source of bioactive compounds that may ...cure disease conditions which do not respond to currently available therapies. These venoms possess many pharmacological activities, as cytotoxic and/or lytic effects on tumor cells in vitro. Herein, were investigated the in vitro cytotoxicity of three Bothrops venoms in tumor cell lines.
Cytotoxic effect was evaluated in HCT-8 (colon - human), SF-295 (nervous system - human), HL-60 (human leukemia) and MDAMB-435 (breast - human). Cell density and membrane integrity were determined by the exclusion of propidium iodide. To determine whether Bothrops venoms treated cells were undergoing an apoptotic and/ or necrosis death, phosphatidylserine (PS) externalization was measured after the incubation with the venom.
Botrhops venons showed significant cytotoxcity against all cell lines in study. Cell density and membrane integrity were determined by the exclusion of propidium iodide. The Bothrops venoms reduced the cell number and revealed the presence of a necrotic population when the cells was exposed to the B. pauloensis B. diporus and B. pirajai venoms. To determine whether Bothrops venoms treated cells were undergoing an apoptotic and/or necrosis death, PS externalization was measured after the incubation with the venom and it was observed necrotic and apoptotic cells.
All Bothrops venoms tested showed cytotoxicity against tumor cell lines through inducing of necrosis and apoptosis.
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