Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses using different personality measures in three samples confirmed the existence of general factor of personality (The Big One) within the five-factor model. ...The Big One is characterized by high versus low Emotional Stability, Conscientiousness, Agreeableness, Extraversion, and Openness, and by high versus low higher-order factors of personality, Stability, and Plasticity. A comprehensive theoretical model of personality structure was therefore proposed with the Big One at the highest level of the hierarchy. The Big One was interpreted as a basic personality disposition that integrates the most general non-cognitive dimensions of personality. It is associated with social desirability, emotionality, motivation, well-being, satisfaction with life, and self-esteem. It also may have deep biological roots, evolutionary, genetic, and neurophysiological.
According to the empirical and theoretical research in past ten years, the General Factor of Personality (GFP) was interpreted as the highest-order (most general) personality dimension, which ...occupies the apex of the structural hierarchy of personality traits. Thus, the GFP is the central concept in the new structural paradigm of personality (the Pyramidal Model of Personality). In the majority of the studies, the GFP was conceptualized as a general factor with substantial psychological (cognitive and behavioural) content reflecting the general social and personal adjustment or effectiveness. The alternative explanations of the GFP emphasize the role of the semantic factors, response styles and other biases. This study reviews the main results of the GFP research including the nature, the biological bases, the strength and cultural universality of GFP, its relations to intelligence and other prominent psychological variables, and its predictive power and practical importance.
Según las investigaciones empíricas y teoréticas en los últimos diez años, el FGP se interpretaba como la dimensión de la personalidad de orden más alto, lo que ocupa el ápice de la jerarquía estructural de los rasgos de la personalidad. Por eso, el FGP es el concepto central en el nuevo paradigma estructural de la personalidad (Modelo Piramidal de la Personalidad). En la mayoría de los estudios, el FGP se ha conceptualizado como el factor general con el contenido sustancial psicológico (cognitivo y conductual) que refleja el ajustamiento general sociológico y personal o la eficiencia. Las explicaciones alternativas del FGP acentúan el papel de los factores semánticos, estilos de respuesta y otros sesgos. Este estudio revisa los resultados principales de las investigaciones del FGP. Incluyendo la naturaleza, bases biológicas, fuerza y universalidad cultural del FGP, sus relaciones con la inteligencia y otras variables psicológicas prominentes, tanto como su fuerza predictiva e importancia práctica.
The religions and their value systems play a crucial role in the history of human civilization. In the past and in the recent time, the value-based religious differences substantially contribute to ...the societal conflicts. Thus, the research of the values related to the religious orientation is an important task of psychology and other social sciences. This study is aimed to obtain a more complete insight into the differences in the value orientations between the adherents of the seven major religions in the world: Buddhist, Hindu, Jewish, Muslim, Christian Orthodox, Christian Protestant and Christian Catholic. The results clearly demonstrated, (1st), the essential association of the religious or non-religious beliefs with the values, value priorities and value orientations and, (2nd), the substantial differences between religious or non-religious groups in the value systems. These differences are very probably related to the globally observed distinctions between secularism and fundamentalism and underlying ideological and educational doctrines.
Religije i njihovi sustavi vrijednosti igraju ključnu ulogu u povijesti ljudske civilizacije. U prošlosti i u novije vrijeme vrijednosne religijske razlike značajno pridonose društvenim sukobima, stoga su istraživanja vrijednosti vezanih uz religijske orijentacije vrlo važan zadatak psihologije i drugih društvenih znanosti. Ovo je istraživanje usmjereno ispitivanju razlika u vrijednosnim orijentacijama između pripadnika sedam najvećih svjetskih religija: budizma, hinduizma, judaizma, islama, pravoslavlja, protestantizma i katoličanstva. Rezultati jasno pokazuju osnovnu povezanost religijskih ili nereligijskih vjerovanja s vrijednostima, vrijednosnim prioritetima i vrijednosnim orijentacijama, te značajne razlike u sustavu vrijednosti između religioznih i nereligioznih grupa. Ove su razlike vrlo vjerojatno povezane s globalno prisutnim razlikama između sekularizma i fundamentalizma, koje su u osnovi ideoloških i edukacijskih doktrina.
Las religiones y sus sistemas de valor tienen un papel crucial en la historia de la civilización humana. Tanto en el pasado, como en el periodo reciente, diferencias religiosas basadas en los valores contribuyen considerablemente a los conflictos sociales. En consecuencia, la investigación de los valores relacionados con la orientación religiosa es una tarea importante de psicología y otra ciencias sociales. El objetivo de este estudio es obtener una visión más completa de las diferencias en las orientaciones de valores entre los valores de adherentes de las siete mayores religiones del mundo: budismo, hinduismo, judaísmo, islam, cristianos ortodoxos, cristianos protestantes y cristianos católicos. Los resultados demostraron claramente, en primer lugar, que existe la relación esencial entre las creencias religiosas o no religiosas y los valores, prioridades de valores y orientación de valores, y en segundo lugar, las diferencias considerables entre los grupos religiosos o no religiosos en cuanto al sistema de valores. Estas diferencias probablemente están en relación con las distinciones que se observan globalmente entre el secularismo y fundamentalismo y las doctrinas fundamentales ideológicas y educativas.
The article addresses the question, which personality dimensions mostly contribute to the positive human functioning, especially to wellbeing and prosocial values. As we predicted, the three ...dimensions from the Big Five factors are mostly opposed to the negative personality characteristics known as Dark Triad (narcissism, Machiavellianism and psychopathy), namely emotional stability (low neuroticism), agreeableness and conscientiousness. The results demonstrated negative relationship between these personality dimensions (labeled Bright Triad) and Dark Triad. Both Dark and Bright Triad dimensions are substantially loaded with one single bipolar latent dimension, the Dark versus Bright Personality. The results also confirmed the substantial connections of the Bright Triad dimensions to the wellbeing and the values. The Bright Triad dimensions are positively associated with general life satisfaction and traditional, social, cognitive and democratic values and tend to be negatively associated with status or power values. On the other side, Dark Triad dimensions are positively related to the status values and tend to be negatively related to the prosocial values.
Personality; Positive psychology; Dark triad; Emotional stability; Agreeableness; Conscientiousness; Values; Wellbeing.
The religions and their value systems play a crucial role in the history of human civilization. In the past and in the recent time, the value-based religious differences substantially contribute to ...the societal conflicts. Thus, the research of the values related to the religious orientation is an important task of psychology and other social sciences. This study is aimed to obtain a more complete insight into the differences in the value orientations between the adherents of the seven major religions in the world: Buddhist, Hindu, Jewish, Muslim, Christian Orthodox, Christian Protestant and Christian Catholic. The results clearly demonstrated, (1st), the essential association of the religious or non-religious beliefs with the values, value priorities and value orientations and, (2nd), the substantial differences between religious or non-religious groups in the value systems. These differences are very probably related to the globally observed distinctions between secularism and fundamentalism and underlying ideological and educational doctrines.
According to the empirical and theoretical research in past ten years, the General Factor of Personality (GFP) was interpreted as the highest-order (most general) personality dimension, which ...occupies the apex of the structural hierarchy of personality traits. Thus, the GFP is the central concept in the new structural paradigm of personality (the Pyramidal Model of Personality). In the majority of the studies, the GFP was conceptualized as a general factor with substantial psychological (cognitive and behavioural) content reflecting the general social and personal adjustment or effectiveness. The alternative explanations of the GFP emphasize the role of the semantic factors, response styles and other biases. This study reviews the main results of the GFP research including the nature, the biological bases, the strength and cultural universality of GFP, its relations to intelligence and other prominent psychological variables, and its predictive power and practical importance.
The aim of the study was to investigate the impact of parental personality, coping, and the child's quality of life on the well‐being of parents of children treated for cancer. The study included 99 ...parents (63 mothers and 36 fathers), 41 parents during child's intensive treatment, 23 parents whose child completed intensive treatment, and 25 parents of children who completed treatment at least five years ago. The results of multivariate study have confirmed the predictive role of parental personality (especially Neuroticism); emotion‐focused coping styles, and the child's quality of life (especially physical functioning) on parental well‐being. About 60% of the variance in parental well‐being can be attributed to the predictors. Assessing parental personality functioning and coping styles can help us identify those parents who are less emotionally stable, more prone to emotionally focused coping styles, and most likely to experience poorer well‐being. Improved assessment may contribute to the development of further psychological interventions.
What does it mean to be happy? The vast majority of cross-cultural studies on happiness have employed a Western-origin, or "WEIRD" measure of happiness that conceptualizes it as a self-centered (or ..."independent"), high-arousal emotion. However, research from Eastern cultures, particularly Japan, conceptualizes happiness as including an interpersonal aspect emphasizing harmony and connectedness to others. Following a combined emic-etic approach (Cheung, van de Vijver & Leong, 2011), we assessed the cross-cultural applicability of a measure of independent happiness developed in the US (Subjective Happiness Scale; Lyubomirsky & Lepper, 1999) and a measure of interdependent happiness developed in Japan (Interdependent Happiness Scale; Hitokoto & Uchida, 2015), with data from 63 countries representing 7 sociocultural regions. Results indicate that the schema of independent happiness was more coherent in more WEIRD countries. In contrast, the coherence of interdependent happiness was unrelated to a country's "WEIRD-ness." Reliabilities of both happiness measures were lowest in African and Middle Eastern countries, suggesting these two conceptualizations of happiness may not be globally comprehensive. Overall, while the two measures had many similar correlates and properties, the self-focused concept of independent happiness is "WEIRD-er" than interdependent happiness, suggesting cross-cultural researchers should attend to both conceptualizations.
Recent research conducted largely in the United States suggests that most people would like to change one or more of their personality traits. Yet almost no research has investigated the degree to ...which and in what ways volitional personality change (VPC), or individuals' active efforts toward personality change, might be common around the world. Through a custom-built website, 13,278 college student participants from 55 countries and one of a larger country (Hong Kong, S.A.R.) using 42 different languages reported whether they were currently trying to change their personality and, if so, what they were trying to change. Around the world, 60.40% of participants reported that they are currently trying to change their personalities, with the highest percentage in Thailand (81.91%) and the lowest in Kenya (21.41%). Among those who provide open-ended responses to the aspect of personality they are trying to change, the most common goals were to increase emotional stability (29.73%), conscientiousness (19.71%), extraversion (15.94%), and agreeableness (13.53%). In line with previous research, students who are trying to change any personality trait tend to have relatively low levels of emotional stability and happiness. Moreover, those with relatively low levels of socially desirable traits reported attempting to increase what they lacked. These principal findings were generalizable around the world.
Full text
Available for:
CEKLJ, FFLJ, NUK, ODKLJ, PEFLJ
Objective
The current exploratory study sought to examine dispositional optimism, or the general expectation for positive outcomes, around the world.
Method
Dispositional optimism and possible ...correlates were assessed across 61 countries (N = 15,185; mean age = 21.92; 77% female). Mean‐level differences in optimism were computed along with their relationships with individual and country‐level variables.
Results
Worldwide, mean optimism levels were above the midpoint of the scale. Perhaps surprisingly, country‐level optimism was negatively related to gross domestic product per capita, population density, and democratic norms and positively related to income inequality and perceived corruption. However, country‐level optimism was positively related to projected economic improvement. Individual‐level optimism was positively related to individual well‐being within every country, although this relationship was less strong in countries with challenging economic and social circumstances.
Conclusions
While individuals around the world are generally optimistic, societal characteristics appear to affect the degree to which their optimism is associated with psychological well‐being, sometimes in seemingly anomalous ways.
PDF
