Jelen tanulmányban a nyelvi jogok elismerése mellett szóló három fő érvet vizsgálom. Ezek egyike szerint a nyelvi sokféleség fontos és megőrzendő érték, a nyelv identitásformáló tényező. Egy másik ...megközelítés rámutat, hogy a nyelvi különbözőség konfliktushoz vezet, amennyiben az egyes nyelvi közösségek eltérő jogokkal rendelkeznek nyelvük használatára. A harmadik érvelési irány szerint a nyelvi jogok a többi emberi joghoz való hozzáférés, a demokratikus részvétel eszközei, de önmagukban is emberi jogoknak tekinthetők. Akár egy védendő érték biztosítékának, akár hasznos konfliktuskezelési eszköznek, akár emberi jogoknak tekintjük a nyelvi jogokat, a nyelvi kérdés szabályozását nem lehet az egyes államok szabad belátására bízni: szükség van a nemzetközi közösség eddigieknél hathatósabb szerepvállalására is.
•Mother’s odour, touch and voice can naturally reduce birth stress.•First postnatal hours may be a particularly sensitive period for human neonates.•Early maternal separation may be implicated in ...neurodevelopmental disorders.•Early separation-induced stress may induce harmful epigenetic changes.•Keeping mothers and babies together 24h a day.
In the 20th century, mother-infant separation shortly after birth in hospitals became routine and unique to humans. However, this hospital birth practice is different from the practice in our evolutionary history, where newborn survival depended on close and essentially continuous maternal contact. This time shortly after birth represents a psychophysiologically sensitive or critical period for programming future physiology and behaviour. We hypothesize that early maternal separation as conducted in conventional hospital practice may induce similar epigenetic changes similar to those found in various mental diseases that may also be implicated in neurodevelopmental disorders.
C-type lectin receptors (CLRs) are important in several immune regulatory processes. These receptors recognize glycans expressed by host cells or by pathogens. Whereas pathogens are recognized ...through their glycans, which leads to protective immunity, aberrant cellular glycans are now increasingly recognized as disease-driving factors in cancer, auto-immunity, and allergy. The vast variety of glycan structures translates into a wide spectrum of effects on the immune system ranging from immune suppression to hyper-inflammatory responses. CLRs have distinct expression patterns on antigen presenting cells (APCs) controlling their role in immunity. CLRs can also be exploited to selectively target specific APCs, modulate immune responses and enhance antigen presentation. Here we will discuss the role of glycans and their receptors in immunity as well as potential strategies for immune modulation. A special focus will be given to different dendritic cell subsets as these APCs are crucial orchestrators of immune responses in infections, cancer, auto-immunity and allergies. Furthermore, we will highlight the potential use of nanoscale lipid bi-layer structures (liposomes) in targeted immunotherapy.
Phosphate sorption on rendzina soil was studied by P-32 heterogeneous isotopic exchange under a steady-state. There are two types of sorbed phosphate, namely strongly and weakly bonded phosphate, the ...latter being able to exchange with phosphate (H
2
32
PO
4
−
) ions in the soil solution. The experimental kinetic data was not fitted by the one exponential kinetic model. Starting from this observation, a new kinetic model is established by assuming two types of weakly bonded phosphate, which take part in the two parallel exchange processes. A biexponential kinetic equation is obtained, which fits the experimental data much better than the one exponential equation.
Graphical abstract
Ag–bentonite was prepared by ion exchange process to sorb iodide and chloride ions in batch experiments. The modified bentonite was examined with XRF and XRD. 75% of the cation exchange capacity was ...exchanged by silver ions. It was found that the sorption of chloride ions is an exothermic precipitation process because the solubility decreases with increasing temperature. In the case of iodide sorption, the dissolution of AgI was observed under high concentration of non-radioactive iodide ions, which is well known in analytical chemistry. The phenomenon occurs not only in the bulk aqueous phase but also in the interlayer space of montmorillonite.
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a long-term disorder that significantly impairs somatic, emotional, and psychological functioning. The objective of this review is to identify, appraise, and synthesize ...the effects of psychological interventions (e.g., cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), emotional disclosure (ED), group therapy (GT), mindfulness (M), patient education (PE), and relaxation (R)) on biopsychosocial outcomes in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). A systematic search of all relevant existing randomized clinical trials (RCTs) was conducted using the following online bibliographic databases: JSTOR, PubMed, PsycNET, and The Cochrane Library. Reference lists were searched for additional reports. The Cochrane Risk of Bias tool (RoB 2.0) was used to assess the risk of bias in the included studies. After the selection process, 57 articles were included and 392 were excluded. Three separate meta-analyses were conducted involving psychological interventions as the main variables, showing: (1) significant positive medium effect sizes for average values (Hedges-g = 0.399, Z = 0.399,
= 0.009); (2) significant positive large effect sizes for maximum values (Hedges-g = 0.856, Z = 4.223,
< 0.001); and (3) non-significant results for minimum values (Hedges-g = -0.047, Z = -0.335,
= 0.738). These results demonstrate that, when grouped, psychological interventions are, on average, moderately effective in treating RA. Overall, this review shows consistent, supportive evidence that psychological interventions can significantly contribute to the standard medical care of RA patients. However, more high-quality, large-sample RCTs still need to confirm these findings.
Here we present a complex hypothesis about the psychosomatic mechanism of serotonergic psychedelics. Serotonergic psychedelics affect gut microbes that produce a temporary increase of 5-HT by their ...host enterochromaffin cells (ECs). This increased 5-HT production—which is taken up and distributed by platelets—may work as a hormone-like regulatory signal that could influence membrane permeability in the host organs and tissues and in the brain. Increased plasma 5-HT levels could enhance permeability of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Transiently increased permeability of the BBB allows for plasma 5-HT to enter the central nervous system (CNS) and be distributed by the volume transmission. Next, this gut-derived 5-HT could modulate excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmission and produce special network disintegration in the CNS. This transient perturbation of the normal neural hierarchy allows patients access to suppressed fear information and perform an emotional reset, in which the amygdale may have a key role.
Dendritic cells (DCs) are paramount in initiating and guiding immunity towards a state of activation or tolerance. This bidirectional capacity of DCs sets them at the center stage for treatment of ...cancer and autoimmune or allergic conditions. Accordingly, many clinical studies use
ex vivo
DC vaccination as a strategy to boost anti-tumor immunity or to suppress immunity by including vitamin D3, NF-κB inhibitors or retinoic acid to create tolerogenic DCs. As harvesting DCs from patients and differentiating these cells
in vitro
is a costly and cumbersome process,
in vivo
targeting of DCs has huge potential as nanoparticulate platforms equipped with activating or tolerogenic adjuvants can modulate DCs in their natural environment. There is a rapid expansion of the choices of nanoparticles and activation- or tolerance-promoting adjuvants for a therapeutic vaccine platform. In this review we highlight the most recent nanomedical approaches aimed at inducing immune activation or tolerance
via
targeting DCs, together with novel fundamental insights into the mechanisms inherent to fostering anti-tumor or tolerogenic immunity.
The sorption of phosphate on soils is studied by radioisotopic tracer method. Two consecutive processes with rather different rates were differentiated: namely the heterogeneous isotope exchange ...between the phosphate in the soil solution and the weakly sorbed phosphate (fast reaction), and the transformation of weakly sorbed phosphate to tightly sorbed phosphate (slow reaction). In this paper, it is shown how the rate constants of these two processes can be determined by a radiotracer with a relatively short half-life.
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