Brillouin light scattering in ferromagnetic materials usually involves one magnon and two photons and their total angular momentum is conserved. Here, we experimentally demonstrate the presence of a ...helicity-changing two-magnon Brillouin light scattering in a ferromagnetic crystal, which can be viewed as a four-wave mixing process involving two magnons and two photons. Moreover, we observe an unconventional helicity-changing one-magnon Brillouin light scattering, which apparently infringes the conservation law of the angular momentum. We show that the crystal angular momentum intervenes to compensate the missing angular momentum in the latter scattering process.
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Al2O3 was doped (0.5, 1.0. and 2.0wt.%) into the garnet-type lithium ion-conducting solid electrolyte with a nominal composition of Li7La3Zr2O12 (LLZ) by solid state reaction at 1180°C. The effect of ...the Al2O3 content in LLZ on the interface behavior with lithium metal was investigated. The lowest interface resistance was observed for 0.5wt.% Al2O3-doped LLZ, which had the highest relative density of 93.7%. The Li/Al2O3-doped LLZ/Li cell showed a short circuit after a limited polarization period. Short circuiting is considered to be due to lithium dendrite formation. The longest period until short circuit was 1000s of polarization at 0.5mAcm−2 and room temperature for the 0.5wt.% Al2O3 doped LLZ.
•Al2O3-doped Li7La3Zr2O12 (LLZ) was prepared by solid state reaction at 1180°C.•0.5wt.% Al2O3-doped LLZ exhibited the highest electrical conductivity.•A Li/Al2O3-doped LLZ/Li cell exhibited an abrupt drop in cell voltage at 0.5mA.
► Perfectly aligned gold nanowhisker superlattice was fabricated via solid–liquid–solid process induced by interfering femtosecond laser. ► The shape is defined by liquid motion and not by ...crystallographic growth although its structure is polycrystalline. ► The smallest curvature radius of its vertex was 3.4nm, and the period of the nanowhisker superlattice was 2.2μm. ► The processing speed exceeds 1cm2/s.
One-dimensional nanomaterial superlattices are fundamental components in plasmonics, nanophotonics, and nanoelectronics. Bottom-up techniques such as vapour–liquid–solid (VLS) and chemosynthesis have been used to fabricate the structure but are nonoptimal for controlling alignment and size. Here we report the fabrication of gold nanowhisker superlattice, based on a novel mechanism termed solid–liquid–solid (SLS). An interfering femtosecond laser pulse induces fluid flows of nanosize gold, which is followed by droplets pinching off from them and freezing of a free-standing nanowhisker superlattice fixed on a substrate. The shape is defined by liquid motion and not by crystallographic growth although its structure is polycrystalline. The smallest curvature radius of its vertex was 3.4nm, which is one-half of the smallest nanorods fabricated by chemosynthesis. SLS process is a superior alternative to sequential bottom-up processes involving catalyst fabrication, bottom-up synthesis, purification, alignment, stabilization, and preservation.
Ceramics such as Li2ZrO3 and Li4SiO4 have interesting features of water vapor and carbon dioxide absorption. However, the mechanism of absorption catalysis is not well understood. The element ...behavior in ceramics was measured using ion beam analysis. To measure the hydrogen and other light element quantities and distribution in ceramics, in-air and time-of-flight elastic recoil detection analyses were performed. Hydrogen quantity was compared with PET film by the in-air analysis. Carbon was observed in ceramics by the time-of-flight analysis, and lithium and oxygen distributions on the surface kept in air were compared with those of ceramics stored in a vacuum.
Hypophysitis is one of the well-known adverse effects of immune checkpoint inhibitors. Immune checkpoint inhibitor-induced hypophysitis frequently causes irreversible hypopituitarism, which requires ...long-term hormone replacement. Despite the high frequency and clinical significance, characteristic MR imaging findings of immune checkpoint inhibitor-induced hypophysitis have not been established. In the present study, we aimed to review and extract the MR imaging features of immune checkpoint inhibitor-induced hypophysitis.
This retrospective international multicenter study comprised 20 patients with melanoma who were being treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors and clinically diagnosed with immune checkpoint inhibitor-induced hypophysitis. Three radiologists evaluated the following MR imaging findings: enlargement of the pituitary gland and stalk; homogeneity of enhancement of the pituitary gland; presence/absence of a well-defined poorly enhanced area and, if present, its location, shape, and signal intensity in T2WI; and enhancement pattern in contrast-enhanced dynamic MR imaging. Clinical symptoms and hormone levels were also recorded.
Enlargement of the pituitary gland and stalk was observed in 12 and 20 patients, respectively. Nineteen patients showed poorly enhanced lesions (geographic hypoenhancing lesions) in the anterior lobe, and 11 of these lesions showed hypointensity on T2WI. Thyrotropin deficiency and corticotropin deficiency were observed in 19/20 and 12/17 patients, respectively, which persisted in 12/19 and 10/12 patients, respectively, throughout the study period.
Pituitary geographic hypoenhancing lesions in the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland are characteristic and frequent MR imaging findings of immune checkpoint inhibitor-induced hypophysitis. They reflect fibrosis and are useful in distinguishing immune checkpoint inhibitor-induced hypophysitis from other types of hypophysitis/tumors.
Understanding the mechanical behaviors of carbon dioxide/methane hydrate-bearing sediments is essential for assessing the feasibility of CO2 displacement recovery methods to produce methane from ...hydrate reservoirs. In this study, a series of drained triaxial compression tests were conducted on synthetic carbon dioxide hydrate-bearing sediments under various conditions. A comparative analysis was also made between carbon dioxide and methane hydrate-bearing sediments. The stress-strain curves, shear strength, and the effects of hydrate saturation, effective confining stress, and temperature on the mechanical behaviors were investigated. Our experimental results indicate that the newly formed carbon dioxide hydrate would keep the reservoir mechanically stable when CH4-CO2 gas exchange took place in a relatively short period of time and spatially well distributed in the pore space. Experiments of CO2 injection in methane hydrate-bearing sediments are necessary to confirm this hypothesis.
High energy density physics is the field of physics dedicated to the study of matter and plasmas in extreme conditions of temperature, densities and pressures. It encompasses multiple disciplines ...such as material science, planetary science, laboratory and astrophysical plasma science. For the latter, high energy density states can be accompanied by extreme radiation environments and super-strong magnetic fields. The creation of high energy density states in the laboratory consists in concentrating/depositing large amounts of energy in a reduced mass, typically solid material sample or dense plasma, over a time shorter than the typical timescales of heat conduction and hydrodynamic expansion. Laser-generated, high current-density ion beams constitute an important tool for the creation of high energy density states in the laboratory. Focusing plasma devices, such as cone-targets are necessary in order to focus and direct these intense beams towards the heating sample or dense plasma, while protecting the proton generation foil from the harsh environments typical of an integrated high-power laser experiment. A full understanding of the ion beam dynamics in focusing devices is therefore necessary in order to properly design and interpret the numerous experiments in the field. In this work, we report a detailed investigation of large-scale, kilojoule-class laser-generated ion beam dynamics in focusing devices and we demonstrate that high-brilliance ion beams compress magnetic fields to amplitudes exceeding tens of kilo-Tesla, which in turn play a dominant role in the focusing process, resulting either in a worsening or enhancement of focusing capabilities depending on the target geometry.
Essentials
Regeneration role of C‐type lectin receptor‐2 (CLEC‐2) after 70% hepatectomy (HPx) was investigated.
Wild‐type or CLEC‐2 deleted from platelets of chimeric mice (flKO) underwent HPx.
The ...liver/body weight ratio was significantly lower in the flKO than in the wild‐type.
CLEC‐2 plays an essential role in liver regeneration after HPx.
Summary
Background and aim
The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of C‐type lectin receptor (CLEC)‐2 in liver regeneration following partial liver resection in mice.
Materials and methods
Irradiated chimeric mice transplanted with fetal liver cells from wild‐type (WT) mice, CLEC‐2‐deleted (KO) mice or mice with CLEC‐2 deleted specifically from platelets (flKO) were generated. Mice underwent 70% partial hepatectomy (PH). Immunohistochemical staining was performed to investigate the expression of the endogenous ligand for CLEC‐2, podoplanin. The accumulation of platelets in the liver was also quantified. The hepatic expression of the IL‐6/gp130 and STAT3, Akt and ERK1/2 was also examined.
Results
The liver/body weight ratio and expression of all cell proliferation markers were significantly lower in the flKO group than in the WT group. The expression of phosphorylated (p) Akt and pERK1/2 was similar in the WT and flKO groups. On the other hand, the expression of pSTAT3 and IL‐6 was significantly stronger in the WT group than in the flKO group. The expression of podoplanin was detected in the hepatic sinusoids of both groups. However, the extent to which platelets accumulated in hepatic sinusoids was significantly less in the flKO group than in the WT group.
Conclusion
CLEC‐2 was involved in hepatic regeneration after liver resection and CLEC‐2‐related liver regeneration was attributed to the interaction between platelets and sinusoidal endothelial cells.
Background and Purpose
Intercellular communication via gap junctions, comprised of connexin (Cx) proteins, allow for communication between astrocytes, which in turn is crucial for maintaining CNS ...homeostasis. The expression of Cx43 is decreased in post‐mortem brains from patients with major depression. A potentially novel mechanism of tricyclic antidepressants is to increase the expression and functioning of gap junctions in astrocytes.
Experimental Approach
The effect of amitriptyline on the expression of Cx43 and gap junction intercellular communication (GJIC) in rat primary cultured cortical astrocytes was investigated. We also investigated the role of p38 MAPK intracellular signalling pathway in the amitriptyline‐induced expression of Cx43 and GJIC.
Key Results
Treatment with amitriptyline for 48 h significantly up‐regulated Cx43 mRNA, protein and GJIC. The up‐regulation of Cx43 was not monoamine‐related since noradrenaline, 5‐HT and dopamine did not induce Cx43 expression and pretreatment with α‐ and β‐adrenoceptor antagonists had no effect. Intracellular signalling involved p38 MAPK, as amitriptyline significantly increased p38 MAPK phosphorylation and Cx43 expression and GJIC were significantly blocked by the p38 inhibitor SB 202190. Furthermore, amitriptyline‐induced Cx43 expression and GJIC were markedly reduced by transcription factor AP‐1 inhibitors (curcumin and tanshinone IIA). The translocation of c‐Fos from the cytosol and the nucleus of cortical astrocytes was increased by amitriptyline, and this response was dependent on p38 activity.
Conclusion and Implication
These findings indicate a novel mechanism of action of amitriptyline through cortical astrocytes, and further suggest that targeting this mechanism could lead to the development of a new class of antidepressants.
To evaluate chronological changes on serial magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) examinations and clinical prognosis in patients with status epilepticus (SE), as well as the effect of alcohol abuse and ...heavy alcohol use on clinicoradiological findings.
This retrospective, single-centre study was approved by the institutional review board. Among 345 patients with seizures between January 2010 and October 2021, 27 patients with SE who had undergone both initial MRI (within a week after onset) and follow-up MRI (within 1 month after the initial MRI) were included. Five and three patients with concurrent or previous alcohol abuse and heavy alcohol-use history were included, respectively, and they were classified into the AL (Alcohol use) group. The remaining 19 patients were classified into the non-AL group. Two neuroradiologists independently evaluated both initial and follow-up MRI examinations of each patient; MRI findings were compared between the AL and non-AL groups using Fisher's exact test. In 15 patients, including four patients from the AL group, clinical information 6 months after the onset of SE was available; this information was compared between the two groups.
Brain atrophy (5/8 versus 2/19, p=0.011; odds ratio, 12.29 95% confidence interval, 1.32–189.2) and unfavourable clinical course with uncontrollable seizures (3/4 versus 1/11, p=0.033; odds ratio, 301.43–638.19) were significantly more frequent in the AL group than in the non-AL group.
Among patients with SE, alcohol abuse and heavy alcohol-use history were associated with unfavourable seizure control and brain atrophy.
•T2WI/FLAIR hyperintensity and hyperperfusion on ASL and MRA are frequent in SE.•Brain atrophy on follow-up MRI was significantly more common in the AL group.•Uncontrollable seizures remained significantly more frequent in the AL group.
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