The integration of trees into diverse land-use systems holds potential for India to meet nationally determined contribution (NDC) targets under the Paris Climate Agreement. With a target of ...sequestering 2.5–3 billion tons of CO 2 equivalent by 2030, the study focused on the widespread and economically viable eucalyptus-based agroforestry, practiced widely in various planting geometries tailored to meet industrial end-use requirements. In this context, a detailed study was conducted to quantify the influence of five planting geometries 3 m × 3 m, 6 × 1.5 m, 17 × 1 × 1 m (paired row) and two boundary plantations (east–west and north–south directions) at 2 m away from tree to tree of eucalyptus on intercrops dhaincha ( Sesbania aculeata )—barley ( Hordeum vulgare L.) rotation biomass, soil properties, and carbon stock of the system during 2009–2016. Results revealed that biomass accumulation of different tree components was 62.50%–74.09% in stem; 6.59%–9.14% in branch; 3.18%–5.73% in leaves; 12.20%–20.44% in stump roots; and 1.71%–3.48% in fine roots across the planting geometries. The mean carbon content of the stem, branch, leaves, and roots was 49.00, 47.00, 43.00, and 49.00%, respectively. Over the 8-year period, geometry of 3 × 3 m performed better in terms of total biomass production (344.60 Mg ha − 1 by tree biomass and 62.53 Mg ha −1 by intercrops). The independent parameter, DBH 2 H (DBH: diameter at breast height and H: tree height), was found to be a very good predictor of dry weight, followed by DBH alone. Among various functions (linear, allometric, logistic, Gompertz, Chapman, and exponential), the best-fit equation was allometric, i.e., B = 300.96 × DBH 2 H 0.93 (adjusted R 2 = 0.96) for eucalyptus based on universal model adequacy and validation criteria. The carbon sequestration rate was maximum (20.79 Mg C ha −1 year −1 ) in 3 × 3 m followed by 17 × 1 × 1 m. The total carbon stock of eucalyptus-based system (tree + crop + soil) varied significantly under different planting geometries and sole crop rotation (dhaincha–barley). The higher carbon stock (237.27 Mg ha −1 ) was obtained from 3 × 3 m spacing and further partitioning carbon stock in trees—166.29 Mg ha −1 , crops—25.01 Mg ha −1 and soil—45.97 Mg ha −1 . The paired row spacing (17 × 1 × 1 m) yielded higher crop yield and net returns (Rs. 600,475 ha −1 ), underscoring wide spacing’s role in system productivity and sustainability. Tree-based systems were valuable components of agriculture, advocating for their widespread adoption to reduce CO 2 emissions and generate income through carbon credits. These findings will provide crucial insights into sustainable land-use practices and advance India’s commitment toward adaptation of climate change mitigation strategies.
Konkan is a coastal strip parallel to Sahyadri hill ranges, which rises from mean sea level to 300 meter height having annual rainfall range from 2300 mm to 4100 mm(Anonymous, 2013).Climate change is ...acting as a trigger for changing rainfall pattern and temperature which can have significant impacts on hydrological cycle and crop calendar of the region (Abrol etal., 2004)....the presents study was undertaken to analyse the trends in annual and seasonal rainfall and temperaturein the Konkan region.Maximum temperature during summer season exhibited significant decreasing trend at Suksale, Bhatsanagar and Pali....the maximum temperature has decreasing trend in the north part of the Konkan region during all seasons, whereas it has increasing trend in middle part of the region during all seasons and during summer season in the south part of the region.
The present study highlights techniques to identify suitability of water for drinking and irrigation uses. Twenty water samples from Dang district of Gujarat state were collected in pre-monsoon (PRM) ...and post-monsoon (POM) seasons and analyzed for different physico-chemical properties. The Water Quality Index varied from 37.83 to 121.68 in PRM season and from 40.09 to 152.83 in POM season. Surface water quality in the Dang district was good for drinking in 58.43 % and 64.43 % area in PRM and POM season, respectively. The US Salinity diagram showed that most of the water samples belong to the categories C2S1 and C2S2 (suitable class for irrigation) in both the seasons. Some samples falling in the category C3S2 are also acceptable for irrigation use in both the seasons.
The present study highlights techniques to identify suitability of water for different purposes such as domestic, irrigation and industrial uses. Water samples from Olidih watershed in Jharia ...coalfield were collected in premonsoon (PRM) and post-monsoon (POM) seasons and analysed for different physico-chemical properties. Water Quality Index (WQI), Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR), percent sodium (%Na) and total hardness (TH) weredetermined on the basis of various physico-chemical parameters in order to ascertain the suitability of water for domestic, irrigation and industrial uses. The WQI for the study area found to vary from 23.86 to 166.72 in PRM season and from 22.14 to 146.44 in POM season. In 16.3% and 11.4% of watershed area, water is found unfit for drinking during PRM and POM seasons respectively. The calculated values of SAR and %Na indicate 'excellent to permissible use' of water for irrigation uses during both the seasons. High salinity, %Na and Mg-hazard values at some sites limit use for irrigation purposes. Box plots were plotted to represent seasonal concentration of the major ions which shows increasing trend of Ca, Na, NO^sub 3^ and SO^sub 4^ during POM. PUBLICATION ABSTRACT
Present research work was carried out on soil erosion and crop productivity loss in Palghar and Thane districts. The study also describes tolerable soil loss and relationship between top-soil loss ...and yield loss. The estimated average annual soil loss was 40.45 t ha-1yr-1 before adoption of the soil and water conservation measures (by USLE method) and estimated average tolerable soil loss was 9.36 t ha-1 yr-1, for Palghar district. Similarly, for Thane district the estimated average annual soil loss and tolerable soil loss were found to be 35.89 t ha-1 yr-1 and 9.61 t ha-1 yr-1, respectively for Thane district. The estimated average conservation practice factor (P) factors were obtained as 0.32 for Palghar district and 0.30 for Thane district to bring the soil loss below the tolerable limit. After adoption of soil and water conservation measures, the estimated soil loss were 9.02 t ha-1 yr-1 and 9.38 t ha-1 yr-1 for Palghar and Thane districts, respectively.
This in-depth study looks into how artificial intelligence (AI) could be used to make formulation development easier in fluidized bed processes (FBP). FBP is complex and involves numerous variables, ...making optimization challenging. Various AI techniques have addressed this challenge, including machine learning, neural networks, genetic algorithms, and fuzzy logic. By integrating AI with experimental design, process modeling, and optimization strategies, intelligent systems for FBP can be developed. The advantages of AI in this context include improved process understanding, reduced time and cost, enhanced product quality, and robust formulation optimization. However, data availability, model interpretability, and regulatory compliance challenges must be addressed. Case studies demonstrate successful applications of AI in decision-making, process outcome prediction, and scale-up. AI can improve efficiency, quality, and cost-effectiveness in significant ways. Still, it is important to think carefully about data quality, how easy it is to understand, and how to follow the rules. Future research should focus on fully harnessing the potential of AI to advance formulation development in FBP.
Groundwater resource problems are increasing development and planning challenges due to climate change and overexploitation, necessitating assessments of their potential and productivity. The study ...area has been facing a groundwater level decline problem for many years, and these results can help increase the groundwater level in the basaltic rock area. In this research, we have worked on the demarcation and suitability of groundwater potential zones using GIS and Analytical Hierarchical Process (AHP) methods for the Urmodi River Basin. This research prepared eight thematic maps, that is, geomorphology, geology, drainage density, land use/land cover, elevation, lineament density and slope from satellite data and GIS methods, which play a primary factor in determining the proper groundwater potential zones. In this study, every thematic map was allocated weights depending on its specific characteristics and contribution to the groundwater potential capacity. The weights were determined using the AHP method, which considers the comparative significance of every layer about others. This weighting procedure allowed for a comprehensive assessment of the factors influencing groundwater potential in the Urmodi River basin. The resulting groundwater potential map was divided into four classes, that is, good, excellent, moderate, and poor. The study revealed that approximately 22.69% of the basin had excellent groundwater potential, 28.96% had good potential, 25.32% had moderate potential, and 22.92% had poor potential. These study findings suggest that a significant portion of the Urmodi River Basin exhibits good to moderate groundwater potential, indicating promising opportunities for sustainable groundwater utilization in the region. The groundwater potential zone map accuracy is 84% based on the Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) method. These results can have implications for sustainable groundwater resources and provide a framework for conducting similar assessments in other regions. The results can be more important for sustainable development goals and helpful in increasing groundwater levels in the area.
Soil plays a crucial role in combating climate change and ecological restoration through controlling the global carbon cycle. Therefore, mapping of the carbon stock and spatial distribution of soil ...carbon in soils are essentially needed as it will be helpful for stakeholders and managers in land management decisions and for soil carbon sequestration. The average carbon stock was found to be 16.15 t C ha-1 and 14.71 t C ha-1 for 0-15 cm and 15-30 cm depths, respectively, in the soils of Ratnagiri district in the Konkan region. Total soil carbon sequestration value for the whole Ratnagiri district was 49.29 megatonnes of CO2 up to 15 cm depth and 45.62 megatonnes of CO2 for the next 15-30 cm depth. Thus, soils can store a greater quantity of atmospheric CO2 and play a vital role in the mitigation of climate change impacts.
Soil carbon pools have a significant impact on the global carbon cycle and soil erosion caused by natural or human activities is one of the main drivers of changes in soil carbon sequestration. The ...present study aimed to estimate the carbon loss associated with soil loss in the watershed using remote sensing and GIS techniques. The study was carried out at the Central MPKV Campus Watershed, Rahuri, located in the rain shadow region of the Maharashtra state, India. The soil loss from the watershed was estimated using USLE model. The soil loss and carbon loss from the watershed were estimated before the implementation of conservation measures and after the implementation of conservation measures. It was found that the average annual soil loss from the watershed before and after conservation measures was 18.68 t/ha/yr and 9.41 t/ha/yr, respectively. Carbon loss was determined by soil loss rate, organic carbon content and the carbon enrichment ratio. The carbon loss from the watershed before and after conservation measures was 348.71 kgC/ha/yr and 205.52 kgC/ha/yr. The findings revealed that soil and carbon erosion was very severe on steep slopes without conservation measures and with limited vegetation cover. It was found that by reducing the carbon loss associated with soil loss, soil conservation measures not only aid in the conservation of natural resources but also serve as a climate change mitigation measure.
The land suitability in the Ratnagiri district (India) for mango crop has been assessed using a combination of multi-criteria decision making (MCDM) with GIS-based analytic hierarchy process (AHP), ...and sensitivity analysis. Five criteria are applied in this study to analyze land suitability affecting the mango production, viz., topography, climate, soil properties, soil erosion risk, and soil and water conservation practices, all affecting mango production. To prepare the land suitability maps for the mango plants, weights of criteria were identified through expert opinions and a pairwise comparison matrix. A weighted overlay tool available in ArcGIS software was applied in this study for the weighted overlay analysis. The most sensitive parameters were identified by developing and testing a total of 26 weighting schemes. After analyzing the sensitivity of parameters, the parameters related to soil and erosion such as terracing, contour trenching, stone bund, etc. were found as the most significant factors, before and after implementing the conservation measures. As a result, it was observed in this study that after conservation practices were implemented, the area in the highly suitable (19.4%) and moderately suitable (68.8%) classes was expected to rise, while the area in the marginally suitable (7%) class was expected to decrease. This research revealed that combining MCDM with GIS-based AHP as well as sensitivity analysis techniques increased the reliability of MCDM output for each criterion.
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