Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) offers exceptional advantages such as label-free, in-situ and real-time measurement ability that facilitates the study of molecular or chemical binding events. ...Besides, SPR lacks in the detection of various binding events, particularly involving low molecular weight molecules. This drawback ultimately resulted in the development of several sensitivity enhancement methodologies and their application in the various area. Among graphene materials, graphene-based nanocomposites stands out owing to its significant properties such as strong adsorption of molecules, signal amplification by optical, high carrier mobility, electronic bridging, ease of fabrication and therefore, have established as an important sensitivity enhancement substrate for SPR. Also, graphene-based nanocomposites could amplify the signal generated by plasmon material and increase the sensitivity of molecular detection up to femto to atto molar level. This review focuses on the current important developments made in the potential research avenue of SPR and fiber optics based SPR for chemical and biological sensing. Latest trends and challenges in engineering and applications of graphene-based nanocomposites enhanced sensors for detecting minute and low concentration biological and chemical analytes are reviewed comprehensively. This review may aid in futuristic designing approaches and application of grapheneous sensor platforms for sensitive plasmonic nano-sensors.
Graphene nanocomposites based sensitivity enhancement methodologies for chemical and biological sensing. (a) oxidant and reducing gases sensing by oxygen atom of GO with surface reaction mechanism. (b) Protein binding interaction directly on GNC (grapheneous nanocomposites) surface. (c) Antigen: antibody (Ag:Ab) reaction of directly immobilized Ag:Ab on to GNC. (d) pi-pi stacking for planer structure. (e) Hydrogen or electrostatics attraction based binding (f) direct sensing of molecules (shown here for ammonia gas). Display omitted
•Presents graphene nanocomposite based SPR sensors.•Recent progresses in SPR signal enhancement by graphene nanocomposites has been overviewed.•Graphene nanocomposites based sensitivity enhancement methodologies for chemical and biological sensing is reviewed.•In this review, we discussed future trends and perspectives to lay down the future SPR based plasmonic nano-sensors.
Despite the indisputable benefits and advancement of science, technology, and civilization, early diagnosis of healthcare is still a challenging field for the scientific fraternity. The detection of ...biomarkers is a crucial attribute of prognosis and diagnosis of disease. Out of numerous techniques, surface plasmon resonance (SPR) bestows countless benefits, including
, label-free, and real-time assessment, etc., which authorizes the analysis of molecular binding occurrences between biotransducers and biomarkers. In addition, SPR with low-molecular-weight biomarkers lacks selectivity and sensitivity, which ultimately affects binding kinetics. This, in turn, leads to the remarkable development and implementation of numerous selectivity and sensitivity enhancement methods. Among the various noticeable strategies, because of selectivity and sensitivity enrichment substrate for SPR biosensors, affinity-based nanoarchitectured biotransducers stand out as being the best substitute. The present review elaborates significant advances made in the research based on affinity biotransducers for
diagnosis using SPR biosensors for biomarker sensing. Moreover, most recent trends and challenges in designing and application of nanoarchitectured affinity biotransducer-based SPR biosensors for detecting low-concentration biomarkers have been reviewed comprehensively. This present review may assist the scientific fraternity in designing an ultramodern novel SPR approach based on affinity biotransducers, along with improved selectivity and sensitivity of SPR biosensors for
and real-time diagnostic applications.
Neurodegenerative disorders (NDs) are expected to pose a significant challenge for both medicine and public health in the upcoming years due to global demographic changes. NDs are mainly represented ...by degeneration/loss of neurons, which is primarily accountable for severe mental illness. This neuronal degeneration leads to many neuropsychiatric problems and permanent disability in an individual. Moreover, the tight junction of the brain, blood-brain barrier (BBB)has a protective feature, functioning as a biological barrier that can prevent medicines, toxins, and foreign substances from entering the brain. However, delivering any medicinal agent to the brain in NDs (i.e., Multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, etc.) is enormously challenging. There are many approved therapies to address NDs, but most of them only help treat the associated manifestations. The available therapies have failed to control the progression of NDs due to certain factors, i.e., BBB and drug-associated undesirable effects. NDs have extremely complex pathology, with many pathogenic mechanisms involved in the initiation and progression; thereby, a limited survival rate has been observed in ND patients. Hence, understanding the exact mechanism behind NDs is crucial to developing alternative approaches for improving ND patients' survival rates. Thus, the present review sheds light on different cellular mechanisms involved in NDs and novel therapeutic approaches with their clinical relevance, which will assist researchers in developing alternate strategies to address the limitations of conventional ND therapies. The current work offers the scope into the near future to improve the therapeutic approach of NDs.
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•Advancement in nanotechnology is a boon for cellular repair in mental disorders.•Molecular mechanisms in NDs could augment mental illness therapies and research.•Clinical insights may improve understanding of limits and benefits of NDs therapies.
Lung cancer (LC) is heading up as a substantial cause of mortality worldwide. Despite enormous progress in cancer management, LC remains a crucial problem for oncologists due to the lack of early ...diagnosis and precise treatment. In this context, numerous early diagnosis and treatment approaches for LC at the cellular level have been developed using advanced nanomaterials in the last decades. Amongst this, graphene quantum dots (GQDs) as a novel fluorescent material overwhelmed the horizons of materials science and biomedical fields due to their multifunctional attributes. Considering the complex nature of LC, emerging diagnostic and therapeutic (Theranostics) strategies using GQDs proved to be an effective way for the current practice in LC. In this line, we have abridged various approaches used in the LC theranostics using GQDs and its surface-engineered motif. The admirable photophysical attributes of GQDs realised in photolytic therapy (PLT), hyperthermia therapy (HTT), and drug delivery have been discussed. Furthermore, we have engrossed the impasse and its effects on the use of GQDs in cancer treatments from cellular level (in vivo-in vitro) to clinical. Inclusively, this review will be an embodiment for the scientific fraternity to design and magnify their view for the theranostic application of GQDs in LC treatment.
From its inception, an astonishing movement has been made in the architecture and fabrication of a fresh category of nanostructured material acknowledged as luminescent metal–organic frameworks ...(MOFs). Luminescent MOFs are self-assembled nanostructure by coordinating suitable metal cations or clusters and ideal organic linkers, which exhibited an abundance of merits for sensing of interest of analytes, such as chemicals, metal ions, biomarkers, etc. Herein, tunable surface morphology and diverse functionality of luminescent MOFs offer high sensitivity, high selectivity, good stability, recyclability, real-time applicability, etc. Additionally, the accessible porosity and luminescence property of nanostructured MOFs provides the transducing potential from host–guest chemistry to recognizable improvement in nanosize MOFs luminescence. Therefore, in this review article, we have summarized the nanostructured design of MOFs-based luminescent sensors for chemical and metal ions sensing. At first, the requirement of monitoring of chemical residues and metal ions exposure has been discussed that demonstrates the topical necessity for the chemical and metal ions recognition. Afterward, the current trends of MOFs-centered sensors, synthesis types, and their properties have been elaborated in brief. It revealed that several theoretical sensing mechanisms, such as electron transfer, energy transfer, ligand interaction, overlapping effect, oscillation effect, inner filter effect, decomposition, etc., are accountable for sensing of metal ions and chemical residues. The applications of nano-architectured MOFs-based luminescent sensors for chemical as well as metal ions sensing have been illustrated, which exhibit the lowest detection limit (μM–nM) for both metal ions and chemicals. Interestingly, the nanostructured MOFs relied on luminescent sensors that exhibited high sensitivity and selectivity for the chemical and metal ions in presence of diverse interfering substances. Surface functionality presented on the surface of nano-size MOFs, types of ligands, and selected metal ions provides precise recognition of real-time samples containing metal ions and chemicals. On the whole, the nanostructured design of a MOFs-based luminescent sensor will release a fresh preference for sensing of a target analyte.
Graphical abstract
Nanostructured metal-organic frameworks based luminescent sensor for chemical and metal ions sensing
Paclitaxel (PTX) is an essential anticancer drug from the biopharmaceutical classification system (BCS) class IV. Unfortunately, PTX has some drawbacks including low solubility, cell toxicity, ...adverse cell reaction, etc. Therefore, folic acid (FA) tailored carboxymethyl-dextran (CMD), and bovine serum albumin (BSA) mediated nanoconjugates of paclitaxel (PTX) (FA-CMD-BSA-PTX) were designed. At first, esterification reaction between FA and CMD resulted in FA-CMD conjugate whereas FA-CMD-BSA conjugate was synthesized via the Maillard reaction. Finally, FA-CMD-BSA conjugates of PTX were achieved via hydrophobic interaction and gelation of BSA. Herein, heating offers the gelation of BSA that furnishes the cross-linking wherein PTX gets fixed inside BSA. Thermogram of FA-CMD-BSA-PTX showed the absence of PTX peak that concluding PTX has been molecularly dispersed in polymer matrix and entrapment inside polymeric conjugate. As an effect, surface decorated FA-CMD-BSA-PTX showed low hemolytic toxicity over free PTX. Cytotoxicity assay on A549 human lung cancer cells shows cell viability decreased from 60 % to 10 % with increasing concentration from 1 to 5 μg/mL. In conclusion, CMD facilitates the circulation time of PTX and BSA acts as a carrier to target tumor locations effectively. The nano-conjugate formulation significantly reduces toxicity and can be used for the treatment of lung cancer.
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•Non-small cell lung cancer accounts for 85 % of lung cancer.•Folic acid-tailored carboxymethyl-dextran and bovine serum albumin-based nanoconjugates of paclitaxel were designed.•Folic acid on the nanoconjugates surface enables the conjugate to target folate receptor-over expressed in tumor.•Anticipated folic acid-tailored paclitaxel nanoconjugates improved the anticancer activity in human lung cancer cells.•The design of surface-tailored carboxymethyl dextran-protein-based nanoconjugates will provide a new alternative for paclitaxel delivery.
Organophosphorus pesticide (OPP) is regarded as an important food-chain and environmental contaminant that causes primary acute toxicity and numerous severe health issues. Therefore, the minute ...concentration of OPP present in food materials and environments needs to be identified before it causes any brutal harm to lives. Despite the plenty of merits of qualitative and quantitative sensing methods, the lower sensitivity, poor selectivity, detection speed, etc. towards the interest OPP are major drawbacks. Nanoparticles have attracted a lot of attention because of their unique and intriguing features, which have a variety of applications including sensor development as compared to their bulk counterparts. Recently, the structural design of nanosize-metal–organic framework (MOF) is gaining huge consideration from researchers for sensing applications owing to their versatile and tunable properties. Additionally, MOF-based sensors offer the rapid, simplistic, selective, and sensitive sensing of interest analyte. The present review provides brief information about OPPs and their toxicities. The emerging trends of structural design of nanosize-MOF including their properties have been summarized. Finally, nanosize-MOF-based fluorescent sensors, electrochemical sensors, and colorimetric sensors have been discussed with central focus on sensitivity and selectivity to OPPs. Due to the higher surface area, rich topology, ease of structural tunability and functionalization, tunable pore size, plenty of binding sites, good adsorption potential, excellent charge conductivity, and chemical stability, etc., MOF based sensors are endowed with the ability of OPPs detection upto aM. Hence, MOF as nanoporous sensors can be preferred as an excellent alternative for highly sensitive and selective recognition of OPPs in food and water samples.
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Structural design of nanosize-MOF-based sensor for highly sensitive and selective detection of OPPs in food samples
•In vivo barriers prevent incisive accumulation of drug-loaded polymeric nanocarriers.•Surface-modified polymeric nanocarriers can indeed target diverse therapeutic sites in anticancer therapy.•The ...impact of polydopamine surface-modified polymeric nanocarriers in augmented cancer therapy is addressed.•Polydopamine-modified surfaces have the potential to reduce non-specific drug toxicity and circumvent in vivo barriers.
From its inception, plenty of anticancer agents and gene therapies have been developed to account for cancer treatment. Despite this, the effectiveness of these therapies is flawed by toxic effects and failure to efficiently reach the target site. In this shade, novel drug delivery systems with advanced theranostic approaches have become a prerequisite in the domain of nanomedicines and nanotherapeutics. Despite this, the challenges associated with drug delivery have been urged to be discovered in the area of “drug delivery” intended for the delivery of drug to a targeted site for enhancement in clinical results. To deal with these issues, attachment of ligands that offer the selective targeting of active moiety in cancer therapy. In this present review, we have discussed the polydopamine (PDA) surface-modified nanocarriers for improved anticancer activity. In brief, methods for cancer treatment, challenges in cancer drug delivery, and approaches for targeted delivery of anticancer drugs have been described. Afterward, PDA in drug targeting and surface modification has been disclosed that including the significance and mechanism of PDA coating along with functionalization, toxicity, and cellular uptake of polymeric nanoparticles-polymerized dopamine (NPs-pD). Finally, the conclusion and prospects of PDA surface-modified nanocarriers have been discussed in detail. Importantly, the adaptability and flexibility of dopamine polymerization is playing a central role in functionalized nanoparticulate drug carriers in cancer treatment. Predominantly, multifunctionality present on the PDA surface and possible secondary modification approaches offer the potential for delivery of nanocarriers to target cancer cells very selectively and efficiently.
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Background
Process intensification is a major hurdle in pharmaceutical process scale-up. Solvent removal strategies have limited the effectiveness of the overall stability of pharmaceutical ...formulations. The main aim of present review article is to focus on the use of the freeze-drying process in pharmaceuticals, biopharmaceuticals and nanoderived therapeutics and their translation into commercial viable products. Unwavering efforts of scientists in the process intensification of lyophilization promote unique features of products for commercialization. Regulatory agencies are promoting the utilization of a quality-by-design approach to improve product characteristics. Among 300 FDA-approved pharmaceutical industries, 50% of products are freeze-dried. The freeze-drying process is costlier and requires more time than other drying methodologies. Unstable pharmaceutical dispersions and solutions can be preferably stabilized by using the freeze-drying method.
Main text
This review highlights the utilization of critical quality attributes and process parameters for the freeze-drying process, which helps to improve the integrity and stability of the formulation. The quality-by-design approach possibly cuts the cost of the process and saves money, time, and laborious work. The present review focuses preliminarily on the applications of freeze-drying in the development of biopharmaceuticals, including vaccines, proteins and peptides, and injectable products. In addition, a separate section demonstrating the potential of freeze-drying in nanoderived therapeutics has been illustrated briefly. The present clinical scenario of freeze-dried pharmaceuticals and biopharmaceuticals has also been described in later sections of the review.
Conclusions
This review underscores the value of integrating Quality by Design into the development of lyophilization processes for pharmaceutical and biopharmaceutical products. By identifying critical process parameters, delineating a design space, and leveraging advanced monitoring techniques, manufacturers can effectively address the intricacies of lyophilization. This approach empowers them to produce stable, superior quality products with confidence and consistency.
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