Docetaxel has come into wide use recently for the treatment of breast cancer in neoadjuvant, adjuvant and metastatic settings. Docetaxel binds to β‐tubulin and causes kinetic abnormalities in the ...dynamics of microtubules by increasing their polymerization and inhibiting their depolymerization, resulting in elevated levels of microtubule formation. During metaphase, defective spindle formation induced by docetaxel activates the mitotic checkpoint and leads to cell cycle arrest, culminating in apoptosis. However, docetaxel is not effective for all breast cancers. For example, in metastatic settings, the response rate to docetaxel reportedly ranges from 30 to 50%. It is therefore very important to develop a diagnostic method with high accuracy for the prediction of sensitivity to docetaxel in order to avoid unnecessary treatment. Currently it is impossible to identify, before the initiation of therapy, the patients for whom docetaxel will be effective. Various biological parameters have been studied clinically for their ability to predict response to docetaxel, such as parameters related to: (1) efflux (p‐glycoprotein) and metabolism (CYP3A4); (2) β‐tubulin (somatic mutation of β‐tubulin and changes in β‐tubulin isotypes levels); (3) cell cycle (HER2, BRCA1 and Aurora‐A); and (4) apoptosis (p53, BCL2 and thioredoxin). More recently, gene expression profiling techniques have been used for the development of a prediction model for response to docetaxel. In the present paper, clinical studies that have been conducted recently to identify predictive factors for response to docetaxel are reviewed together with a presentation of our recent work in this field. (Cancer Sci 2006; 97: 813–820)
In clinical decision‐making, to decide the indication for adjuvant chemotherapy for estrogen receptor‐positive (ER+), human epidermal growth factor receptor‐2‐negative (HER2−), and node‐negative (n0) ...breast cancer patients, the accurate estimation of recurrence risk is essential. Unfortunately, conventional prognostic factors, such as tumor size, histological grade and ER, progesterone receptor (PR), and HER2 status as well as Ki67 index, are not sufficiently accurate for such estimation. Therefore, several multigene assays (MGAs) based on the mRNA expression analysis of multiple genes in tumor tissue have been developed to better predict patient prognosis. These assays include Oncotype DX, MammaPrint, PAM50, GGI, EndoPredict, and BCI. We developed Curebest™ 95‐Gene Classifier Breast (95GC) classifier, which is unique in that mRNA expression data of all 20 000 human genes are secondarily obtainable, as the 95GC assay is performed using Affymetrix microarray. This can capture mRNA expression of not only 95 genes but also every gene at once, and such gene expression data can be utilized by the other MGAs that we have developed, such as the 155GC, which is used for the prognostic prediction of ER+/HER2− breast cancer patients treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy. We also developed the 42GC for predicting late recurrence in ER+/HER2− breast cancer patients. In this mini‐review, our recent attempt at the development of various MGAs, which is expected to facilitate the implementation of precision medicine in ER+/HER2− breast cancer patients, is presented with a special emphasis on 95GC.
In this mini‐review, we discuss our progress since 2007 in developing multigene assays (MGAs) 95GC/42GC/155GC that may be used to implement precision medicine in ER+/HER2− patients. Although future studies still need to be performed in a larger number of patients, substantial progress has been achieved in developing multiple MGAs that can guide treatment‐related decision‐making in clinical settings.
Recently, aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) 1 has been identified as a reliable marker for breast cancer stem cells. The aim of our study was to investigate the clinicopathological characteristics of ...breast cancers with ALDH1+ cancer stem cells. In addition, the distribution of ALDH1+ tumor cells was compared on a cell‐by‐cell basis with that of estrogen receptor (ER)+, Ki67+, or human epidermal growth factor receptor type 2 (HER2)+ tumor cells by means of double immunohistochemical staining. Immunohistochemical staining of ALDH1 was applied to 203 primary breast cancers, and the results were compared with various clinicopathological characteristics of breast cancers including tumor size, histological grade, lymph node metastases, lymphovascular invasion, ER, progesterone receptor, HER2, Ki67, and topoisomerase 2A as well as prognosis. Immunohistochemical double staining of ALDH1 and ER, Ki67, or HER2 was also carried out to investigate their distribution. Of the 203 breast cancers, 21 (10%) were found to be ALDH1+, and these cancers were significantly more likely to be ER− (P = 0.004), progesterone receptor− (P = 0.025), HER2+ (P = 0.001), Ki67+ (P < 0.001), and topoisomerase 2A+ tumors (P = 0.012). Immunohistochemical double staining studies showed that ALDH1+ tumor cells were more likely to be ER−, Ki67−, and HER2+ tumor cells. Patients with ALDH1 (score 3+) tumors showed a tendency (P = 0.056) toward a worse prognosis than did those with ALDH1− tumors. Breast cancers with ALDH1+ cancer stem cells posses biologically aggressive phenotypes that tend to have a poor prognosis, and ALDH1+ cancer stem cells are characterized by ER−, Ki67−, and HER2+. (Cancer Sci 2009; 100: 1062–1068)
Summary Background Aromatase inhibitors are a standard of care for hormone receptor-positive locally advanced or metastatic breast cancer. We investigated whether the selective oestrogen receptor ...degrader fulvestrant could improve progression-free survival compared with anastrozole in postmenopausal patients who had not received previous endocrine therapy. Methods In this phase 3, randomised, double-blind trial, we recruited eligible patients with histologically confirmed oestrogen receptor-positive or progesterone receptor-positive, or both, locally advanced or metastatic breast cancer from 113 academic hospitals and community centres in 20 countries. Eligible patients were endocrine therapy-naive, with WHO performance status 0–2, and at least one measurable or non-measurable lesion. Patients were randomly assigned (1:1) to fulvestrant (500 mg intramuscular injection; on days 0, 14, 28, then every 28 days thereafter) or anastrozole (1 mg orally daily) using a computer-generated randomisation scheme. The primary endpoint was progression-free survival, determined by Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors version 1·1, intervention by surgery or radiotherapy because of disease deterioration, or death from any cause, assessed in the intention-to-treat population. Safety outcomes were assessed in all patients who received at least one dose of randomised treatment (including placebo). This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov , number NCT01602380. Findings Between Oct 17, 2012, and July 11, 2014, 524 patients were enrolled to this study. Of these, 462 patients were randomised (230 to receive fulvestrant and 232 to receive anastrozole). Progression-free survival was significantly longer in the fulvestrant group than in the anastrozole group (hazard ratio HR 0·797, 95% CI 0·637–0·999, p=0·0486). Median progression-free survival was 16·6 months (95% CI 13·83–20·99) in the fulvestrant group versus 13·8 months (11·99–16·59) in the anastrozole group. The most common adverse events were arthralgia (38 17% in the fulvestrant group vs 24 10% in the anastrozole group) and hot flushes (26 11% in the fulvestrant group vs 24 10% in the anastrozole group). 16 (7%) of 228 patients in in the fulvestrant group and 11 (5%) of 232 patients in the anastrozole group discontinued because of adverse events. Interpretation Fulvestrant has superior efficacy and is a preferred treatment option for patients with hormone receptor-positive locally advanced or metastatic breast cancer who have not received previous endocrine therapy compared with a third-generation aromatase inhibitor, a standard of care for first-line treatment of these patients. Funding AstraZeneca.
Resistance to hormone therapy through activation of cellular pathways involving mTOR can develop in postmenopausal hormone-receptor–positive breast cancer. Adding an mTOR inhibitor to an aromatase ...inhibitor improved outcomes in patients who had disease progression during hormone therapy.
Endocrine therapy is the cornerstone of treatment for patients with hormone-receptor (HR)–positive advanced breast cancer. In postmenopausal patients, aromatase inhibitors (e.g., letrozole and anastrozole) have become the treatment of choice in first-line therapy.
1
–
5
Unfortunately, not all patients have a response to first-line endocrine therapy (primary or de novo resistance), and even patients who have a response will eventually relapse (acquired resistance). On disease progression, second-line treatment options include other classes of aromatase inhibitors (steroidal or nonsteroidal) and the estrogen-receptor (ER) antagonists fulvestrant and tamoxifen.
6
,
7
The study of resistance to endocrine therapies in HR-positive breast cancer has aimed at . . .
Background
The aim of our study is to find microRNAs (miRNAs) associated with sentinel lymph node metastasis (SLNM) and to develop a prediction model for SLNM in ER-positive and HER2-negative ...(ER+/HER2−) breast cancer.
Patients and Methods
In the present study, only ER+/HER2− primary breast cancer was considered. The discovery set for SLNM-associated miRNAs included 10 tumors with and 10 tumors without SLNM. The training and validation sets both included 100 tumors. miRNA expression in tumors was examined comprehensively by miRNA microarray in the discovery set and by droplet digital PCR in the training and validation sets.
Results
In the discovery set, miR-98, miR-22, and miR-223 were found to be significantly (
P
< 0.001, fold-change > 2.5) associated with SLNM. In the training set, we constructed the prediction model for SLNM using miR-98, tumor size, and lymphovascular invasion (LVI) with high accuracy (AUC, 0.877). The accuracy of this prediction model was confirmed in the validation set (AUC, 0.883), and it outperformed the conventional Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center nomogram. In situ hybridization revealed the localization of miR-98 expression in tumor cells.
Conclusions
We developed a prediction model consisting of miR-98, tumor size, and LVI for SLNM with high accuracy in ER+/HER2− breast cancer. This model might help decide the indication for SLN biopsy in this subtype.
Purpose: Breast cancer stem cells have been shown to be associated with resistance to chemotherapy in vitro , but their clinical significance remains to be clarified. The aim of this study was to ...investigate whether cancer stem cells
were clinically significant for resistance to chemotherapy in human breast cancers.
Experimental Design: Primary breast cancer patients ( n = 108) treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy consisting of sequential paclitaxel and epirubicin-based chemotherapy were included
in the study. Breast cancer stem cells were identified by immunohistochemical staining of CD44/CD24 and aldehyde dehydrogenase
1 (ALDH1) in tumor tissues obtained before and after neoadjuvant chemotherapy. CD44 + /CD24 â tumor cells or ALDH1-positive tumor cells were considered stem cells.
Results: Thirty (27.8%) patients achieved pathologic complete response (pCR). ALDH1-positive tumors were significantly associated
with a low pCR rate (9.5% versus 32.2%; P = 0.037), but there was no significant association between CD44 + /CD24 â tumor cell proportions and pCR rates. Changes in the proportion of CD44 + /CD24 â or ALDH1-positive tumor cells before and after neoadjuvant chemotherapy were studied in 78 patients who did not achieve pCR.
The proportion of ALDH1-positive tumor cells increased significantly ( P < 0.001) after neoadjuvant chemotherapy, but that of CD44 + /CD24 â tumor cells did not.
Conclusions: Our findings suggest that breast cancer stem cells identified as ALDH1-positive, but not CD44 + /CD24 â , play a significant role in resistance to chemotherapy. ALDH1-positive thus seems to be a more significantly predictive marker
than CD44 + /CD24 â for the identification of breast cancer stem cells in terms of resistance to chemotherapy.
Zinc is an essential element, necessary for sustaining all life. Zinc deficiency causes taste impairments, immune deficiency, skin problems, and growth and mental retardation. Recent reports suggest ...that zinc is associated with an increased risk of cancer, although it is still unclear whether zinc or its transporters are involved in cancer progression. Here we show that zinc and its transporter ZIP10 are involved in the invasive behavior of breast cancer cells. The screening of clinical samples for ZIP10 mRNA expression suggested that ZIP10 was significantly associated with the metastasis of breast cancer to the lymph node. In addition, the expression of ZIP10 mRNA was higher in the invasive and metastatic breast cancer cell lines MDA‐MB‐231 and MDA‐MB‐435S than in less metastatic breast cancer cell lines, such as MCF7, T47D, ZR75‐1 and ZR75‐30. In in vitro cell migration assays, the depletion of zinc transporter ZIP10 and intracellular zinc inhibited the migratory activity of MDA‐MB‐231 and MDA‐MB‐435S cells. These results showed that zinc and ZIP10 play an essential role in the migratory activity of highly metastatic breast cancer cells, and suggest ZIP10 as a possible marker for the metastatic phenotype of breast cancer and a promising target of novel treatment strategies. (Cancer Sci 2007; 98: 692–697)
Trastuzumab is a drug that targets the receptor tyrosine kinase HER2 and is essential for the treatment of HER2-positive breast cancer. Resistance to the drug leads to severe consequences, including ...disease recurrence, tumor enlargement, and metastasis. We hypothesized that trastuzumab treatment might be associated with phenotypic switching in HER2-positive breast cancer cells (BCCs), enabling them to escape and survive the effect of trastuzumab.
We conducted comprehensive immunophenotyping to detect phenotypic changes in HER2-positive BCCs treated with trastuzumab, based on criteria determined a priori. Based on immunophenotyping results, we characterized the vascular phenotypes of HER2-positive BCCs by western blotting, real-time RT-PCR, and tube formation assay. The vascular phenotype of tumor cells from clinical samples was evaluated by staining with periodic acid-Schiff and an anti-CD31 antibody. We explored small molecule inhibitors that suppress tube formation and determined the inhibitory mechanism.
Out of 242 cell surface antigens, 9 antigens were significantly upregulated and 3 were significantly downregulated by trastuzumab treatment. All upregulated antigens were related to endothelial and stem cell phenotypes, suggesting that trastuzumab treatment might be correlated to switching to a vascular phenotype, namely, vasculogenic mimicry (VM). Several VM markers were upregulated in trastuzumab-treated cells, but these cells did not form tubes on Matrigel, a functional hallmark of VM. Upon analysis of three trastuzumab-resistant HER2-positive cell lines, we found that all three cell lines showed tube formation on Matrigel in the presence of angiogenic growth factors including EGF, FGF2, IGF1, or VEGF. Clinically, VM channels significantly increased in surviving cancer cell clusters of surgically removed tumors pretreated with trastuzumab and chemotherapy compared to both surgically removed tumors without prior systemic treatment and tumors biopsied before presurgical treatment with trastuzumab. Finally, we found that salinomycin completely suppressed VM in all three trastuzumab-resistant cell lines through disruption of actin cytoskeletal integrity.
VM promotes metastasis and worsens patient outcomes. The present study indicates that HER2-positive BCCs can exhibit VM in an angiogenic microenvironment after eventually acquiring trastuzumab resistance. The clinical finding supports this in vitro observation. Thus, targeting VM might provide a therapeutic benefit to patients with HER2-positive breast cancer.
PDF
