The body axis of vertebrates is subdivided into repetitive compartments called somites, which give rise primarily to the segmented architecture of the musculoskeletal system in the adult body. ...Somites form in a sequential and rhythmic manner in embryos and a physical boundary separates each somite from the rest of the unsegmented tissue and adjoining somites. Precise positioning of somite boundaries and determination of boundary cell fate in a select group of cells is thought to be driven by gene expression patterns and morphogen gradients. This pre-patterning step is followed by a mechanical process involving actomyosin activation in boundary cells and formation of an extracellular matrix that results in morphological boundary formation. While genes involved in somite boundary formation have been identified, there are many open questions about the underlying pre-patterning dynamics and mechanics and how these processes are coupled to generate a morphological boundary. Here, focusing on segmentation of zebrafish embryos as a model, we review pre-patterning processes critical for boundary formation and how cytoskeletal activity drives tissue separation. Our outlook is that this system holds exciting new avenues for unearthing general principles of boundary formation in developing embryos.
We present observations of the optical afterglow of GRB 170817A, made by the Hubble Space Telescope, between 2018 February and August, up to one year after the neutron star merger GW170817. The ...afterglow shows a rapid decline beyond 170 days, and confirms the jet origin for the observed outflow, in contrast to more slowly declining expectations for "failed-jet" scenarios. We show here that the broadband (radio, optical, X-ray) afterglow is consistent with a structured outflow where an ultra-relativistic jet, with a Lorentz factor of Γ 100, forms a narrow core (∼5°) and is surrounded by a wider angular component that extends to ∼15°, which is itself relativistic (Γ 5). For a two-component model of this structure, the late-time optical decline, where F ∝ t− , is = 2.20 0.18, and for a Gaussian structure the decline is = 2.45 0.23. We find the Gaussian model to be consistent with both the early ∼10 days and late 290 days data. The agreement of the optical light curve with the evolution of the broadband spectral energy distribution, and its continued decline, indicates that the optical flux is arising primarily from the afterglow and not any underlying host system. This provides the deepest limits on any host stellar cluster with a luminosity 4000 L (MF606W −4.3).
The historic first joint detection of both gravitational-wave and electromagnetic emission from a binary neutron star merger cemented the association between short gamma-ray bursts (SGRBs) and ...compact object mergers, as well as providing a well-sampled multi-wavelength light curve of a radioactive kilonova (KN) for the first time. Here, we compare the optical and near-infrared light curves of this KN, AT 2017gfo, to the counterparts of a sample of nearby (z < 0.5) SGRBs to characterize their diversity in terms of their brightness distribution. Although at similar epochs AT 2017gfo appears fainter than every SGRB-associated KN claimed so far, we find three bursts (GRBs 050509B, 061201, and 080905A) where, if the reported redshifts are correct, deep upper limits rule out the presence of a KN similar to AT 2017gfo by several magnitudes. Combined with the properties of previously claimed KNe in SGRBs this suggests considerable diversity in the properties of KN drawn from compact object mergers, despite the similar physical conditions that are expected in many NS-NS mergers. We find that observer angle alone is not able to explain this diversity, which is likely a product of the merger type (NS-NS versus NS-BH) and the detailed properties of the binary (mass ratio, spins etc.). Ultimately disentangling these properties should be possible through observations of SGRBs and gravitational-wave sources, providing direct measurements of heavy element enrichment throughout the universe.
Aims.
Gamma-ray burst (GRB) 190829A (
z
= 0.0785) was detected by
Fermi
and
Swift
and also at very high energy (VHE) by the High-Energy Stereoscopic System (H.E.S.S.) telescopes. The prompt emission ...displayed two emission episodes separated by a quiescent gap of ∼40 s. We present the 10.4 m Gran Telescopio Canarias (GTC) observations of the afterglow of GRB 190829A and its underlying supernova. We also compare GRB 190829A to GRB 180728A, a GRB with similar behaviour, and discuss the implications on underlying physical mechanisms producing these two GRBs.
Methods.
We present multi-band photometric data along with spectroscopic follow-up observations taken with the 10.4 m GTC telescope. Together with the data from the prompt emission, the 10.4 m GTC data are used to understand the emission mechanisms and possible progenitor.
Results.
A detailed analysis of the multi-band observations of the afterglow requires the cooling frequency to pass between the optical and X-ray bands at early epochs. The afterglow then transitions to the underlying supernova (SN) 2019oyw, which dominates later on.
Conclusions.
Although the prompt emission temporal properties of GRB 190829A and GRB 180728A are similar, the two pulses are different in the spectral domain. We find that SN 2019oyw associated with GRB 190829A is powered by Ni decay and is a Type Ic-BL SN. The spectroscopic and photometric properties of this SN are consistent with those observed for SN 1998bw, but evolved earlier.
GRB 130427A was the brightest gamma-ray burst detected in the last 30 yr. With an equivalent isotropic energy output of 8.5 × 1053 erg and redshift z = 0.34, it uniquely combined very high energetics ...with a relative proximity to Earth. As a consequence, its X-ray afterglow has been detected by sensitive X-ray observatories such as XMM–Newton and Chandra for a record-breaking baseline longer than 80 million seconds. We present the X-ray light curve of this event over such an interval. The light curve shows a simple power-law decay with a slope α = 1.309 ± 0.007 over more than three decades in time (47 ks–83 Ms). We discuss the consequences of this result for a few models proposed so far to interpret GRB 130427A, and more in general the significance of this outcome in the context of the standard forward shock model. We find that this model has difficulty in explaining our data, in both cases of constant density and stellar-wind circumburst media, and requires far-fetched values for the physical parameters involved.
Could nose-to-brain pathways mediate the effects of peptides such as oxytocin (OT) on brain physiology when delivered intranasally? We address this question by contrasting two methods of intranasal ...administration (a standard nasal spray, and a nebulizer expected to improve OT deposition in nasal areas putatively involved in direct nose-to-brain transport) to intravenous administration in terms of effects on regional cerebral blood flow during two hours post-dosing. We demonstrate that OT-induced decreases in amygdala perfusion, a key hub of the OT central circuitry, are explained entirely by OT increases in systemic circulation following both intranasal and intravenous OT administration. Yet we also provide robust evidence confirming the validity of the intranasal route to target specific brain regions. Our work has important translational implications and demonstrates the need to carefully consider the method of administration in our efforts to engage specific central oxytocinergic targets for the treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders.
After 50 years of development, microwave atomic clocks based on cesium have achieved fractional uncertainties below 1 part in 1015, a level unequaled in all of metrology. The past 5 years have seen ...the accelerated development of optical atomic clocks, which may enable even greater improvements in timekeeping. Time and frequency standards with various levels of performance are ubiquitous in our society, with applications in many technological fields as well as in the continued exploration of the frontiers of basic science. We review state-of-the-art atomic time and frequency standards and discuss some of their uses in science and technology.
The early afterglow of GRB 190829A Dichiara, S; Troja, E; Lipunov, V ...
Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society,
03/2022, Volume:
512, Issue:
2
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
ABSTRACT
GRB 190829A at z = 0.0785 is the fourth closest long GRB ever detected by the Neil Gehrels Swift observatory, and the third confirmed case with a very high-energy component. We present our ...multiwavelength analysis of this rare event, focusing on its early stages of evolution, and including data from Swift, the MASTER global network of optical telescopes, ALMA, and ATCA. We report sensitive limits on the linear polarization of the optical emission, disfavouring models of off-axis jets to explain the delayed afterglow peak. The study of the multiwavelength light curves and broad-band spectra supports a model with at least two emission components: a bright reverse shock emission, visible at early times in the optical and X-rays and, later, in the radio band; and a forward shock component dominating at later times and lower radio frequencies. A combined study of the prompt and afterglow properties shows many similarities with cosmological long GRBs, suggesting that GRB 190829A is an example of classical GRBs in the nearby universe.
Context. Gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) occurring in the local Universe constitute an interesting sub-class of the GRB family, since their luminosity is on average lower than that of their cosmological ...analogs. Attempts to understand in a global way this peculiar behaviour is still not possible, since the sample of low redshift GRBs is small, and the properties of individual objects are too different from each other. In addition, their closeness (and consequently high fluxes) make these sources ideal targets for extensive follow-up even with small telescopes, considering also that these GRBs are conclusively associated with supernova (SN) explosions. Aims. We aim to contribute to the study of local bursts by reporting the case of GRB 171205A. This source was discovered by Swift Burst Alert Telescope (BAT) on 2017, December 5 and soon associated with a low redshift host galaxy (z = 0.037), and an emerging SN (SN 2017iuk). Methods. We analyzed the full Swift dataset, comprising the UV-Optical Telescope (UVOT), X-ray Telescope (XRT) and BAT data. In addition, we employed the Konus-Wind high energy data as a valuable extension at γ-ray energies. Results. The photometric SN signature is clearly visible in the UVOT u, b and ν filters. The maximum emission is reached at ∼13 (rest frame) days, and the whole bump resembles that of SN 2006aj, but lower in magnitude and with a shift in time of +2 d. A prebump in the ν-band is also clearly visible, and this is the first time that such a feature is not observed achromatically in GRB–SNe. Its physical origin cannot be easily explained. The X-ray spectrum shows an intrinsic Hydrogen column density NH,int = 7.4+4.1−3.6 × 1020 N H , int = 7 . 4 − 3.6 + 4.1 × 10 20 $ N_{\mathrm{H,int}} = 7.4^{+4.1}_{-3.6}\times 10^{20} $ cm−2, which is at the low end of the N H, int, even considering just low redshift GRBs. The spectrum also features a thermal component, which is quite common in GRBs associated with SNe, but whose origin is still a matter of debate. Finally, the isotropic energy in the γ-ray band, Eiso = 2.18+0.63−5.0 × 1049 E iso = 2 . 18 − 0.50 + 0.63 × 10 49 $ E_{\mathrm{iso}} = 2.18^{+0.63}_{-0.50} \times 10^{49} $ erg, is lower than those of cosmological GRBs. Combining this value with the peak energy in the same band, Ep = 125+141−37 E p = 125 − 37 + 141 $ E_{\mathrm{p}}=125^{+141}_{-37} $ keV, implies that GRB 171205A is an outlier of the Amati relation, as are some other low redshift GRBs, and its emission mechanism should be different from that of canonical, farther away GRBs.
Summary
We comprehensively described elderly Medicare women with an outpatient visit in 2011 and fracture within 2 years before. These women were at very high risk for subsequent fracture and high ...healthcare utilization and cost, especially those with vertebral or multiple fractures. However, rates of fracture prevention treatments were low.
Introduction
Postmenopausal women with osteoporosis are stratified to high and very-high fracture risk categories, and this categorization drives algorithms for osteoporosis management in osteoporosis treatment guidelines. This study comprehensively describes a very-high-risk cohort.
Methods
This retrospective cohort study used the Medicare 20% database; elderly women with an outpatient visit in 2011 and fracture within 2 years before the visit were included. Outcomes included fracture risk, all-cause and fracture-related healthcare resource utilization and cost, and osteoporosis medication use in the 5 years after the visit.
Results
Overall, 43,193 patients were included. The 5-year probability was 0.36 for major fracture and 0.11 and 0.17 for hip fracture and vertebral fracture, respectively, much higher than the guidelines’ 10-year probability thresholds for very-high-risk (0.3 for major fracture, 0.045 for hip fracture). Rates of hospitalizations, emergency department visits or observation stays, and skilled nursing facility stays in year 1 were 53.7, 57.0, and 18.8 per 100 patient-years, respectively, decreasing slightly in subsequent years. Mean healthcare cost was $23,700 in year 1, decreasing to $18,500 in year 5. About 29.1% of patients received osteoporosis medications in year 1, decreasing to 16.9% by year 5. Rates for all outcomes, especially fractures, were much higher among vertebral and multiple fracture cohorts.
Conclusion
Elderly women with a fracture within last 2 years were at very-high-risk for subsequent fracture and high healthcare utilization and cost, especially those with vertebral or multiple fractures. However, rates of fracture prevention treatments were low. More effort is needed to identify and treat patients at very-high-risk for fracture.
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