The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of increasing levels of the M-E complex (xylanase, glucanase, cellulase, and invertase) Optimax E
on the performance of growing lambs, their ...digestibility, and their rumen microbiota, and to estimate NEm, NEg, and ruminal methane levels. Forty lambs (Katahdin x Dorset; 22.91 ± 4.16 kg) were randomly assigned to dietary concentrations of ME (0, 0.2, 0.4, and 0.8% DM) and fed individually for 77 days. Increasing M-E improved feed conversion (
< 0.05) as well as NEm and NEg (
< 0.05), which were associated with increased in vivo DM and NDF digestion (linear and quadratic
< 0.01). Few microbial families showed abundancy changes (Erysipelotrichaceae, Christensenellaceae, Lentisphaerae, and Clostridial Family XIII); however, the dominant phylum Bacteroidetes was linearly reduced, while Firmicutes increased (
< 0.01), resulting in a greater Firmicutes-to-Bacteroidetes ratio. Total Entodinium showed a quadratic response (
< 0.10), increasing its abundancy as the enzyme dose was augmented. The daily emission intensity of methane (per kg of DMI or AGD) was reduced linearly (
< 0.01). In conclusion, adding the M-E complex Optimax E
to growing lambs' diets improves their productive performance by acting synergistically with the rumen microbiota, modifying the Firmicutes-to-Bacteroidetes ratio toward more efficient fermentation, and shows the potential to reduce the intensity of greenhouse gas emissions from lambs.
An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of a polyherbal mixture based on Withania somnifera, Ocimum tenuiflorum, Tinospora cordifolia and Emblica officinalis, on lamb's growth and blood ...metabolites. Thirty-two lambs (initial body weight BW 25 ± 4.1 kg) were randomly assigned to the treatments which consisted of the polyherbal ImmuPlus at dietary concentrations of 0, 0.1, 0.2 and 0.3% of dry matter (DM) for 60 days. There was a quadratic response to polyherbal in average daily gain (p < 0.01) and feed conversion (p < 0.05). The optimal concentration estimated by regression for maximum ADG was 0.14 ± 0.08% DM of ImmuPlus. Ruminal DM digestibility was not affected but pH was reduced linearly (p < 0.05). Ruminal N-NH3 (p < 0.01) and total VFA concentration showed a quadratic increment (p < 0.05) whereas butyrate proportion was increased linearly (p < 0.05). There was no effect in most blood metabolites related to energy metabolism, but uric acid was linearly reduced (p < 0.01) and bilirubin showed a quadratic decrement (p < 0.05). Mean corpuscular haemoglobin (p < 0.01) increased linearly (p < 0.10), lymphocytes and segmented neutrophils showed a quadratic response (p < 0.01) and platelets showed a linear reduction (linear p < 0.05). The inclusion of ImmuPlus improved the daily gain in finishing lambs and feed efficiency at 0.1% DM without altering blood chemistry and blood biometry.
In pathogenic fungi, melanin contributes to virulence, allowing tissue invasion and inactivation of the plant defence system, but has never been implicated as a factor for host cell death, or as a ...light-activated phytotoxin. Our research shows that melanin synthesized by the fungal banana pathogen Mycosphaerella fijiensis acts as a virulence factor through the photogeneration of singlet molecular oxygen O2 (1Δg). Using analytical tools, including elemental analysis, ultraviolet/infrared absorption spectrophometry and MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry analysis, we characterized both pigment content in mycelia and secreted to the culture media as 1,8-dihydroxynaphthalene (DHN)-melanin type compound. This is sole melanin-type in M. fijiensis. Isolated melanins irradiated with a Nd:YAG laser at 532 nm produced monomol light emission at 1270 nm, confirming generation of O2 (1Δg), a highly reactive oxygen specie (ROS) that causes cellular death by reacting with all cellular macromolecules. Intermediary polyketides accumulated in culture media by using tricyclazole and pyroquilon (two inhibitors of DHN-melanin synthesis) were identified by ESI-HPLC-MS/MS. Additionally, irradiation at 532 nm of that mixture of compounds and whole melanized mycelium also generated O2 (1Δg). A pigmented-strain generated more O2 (1Δg) than a strain with low melanin content. Banana leaves of cultivar Cavendish, naturally infected with different stages of black Sigatoka disease, were collected from field. Direct staining of the naturally infected leaf tissues showed the presence of melanin that was positively correlated to the disease stage. We also found hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) but we cannot distinguish the source. Our results suggest that O2 (1Δg) photogenerated by DHN-melanin may be involved in the destructive effects of Mycosphaerella fijiensis on banana leaf tissues. Further studies are needed to fully evaluate contributions of melanin-mediated ROS to microbial pathogenesis.
Abstract
Introduction:
Standard external beam radiotherapy is a treatment option for patients with localised prostate cancer and is used in patients with low-, intermediate- and high-risk disease ...with androgen deprivation according to the risk of the disease. In the last few years, hypofractionated radiotherapy has been demonstrated to be as safe as standard radiotherapy if given over a shorter time than standard radiotherapy with larger doses per fraction. External radiotherapy for localised prostate cancer typically delivers 37–42 fractions of 1·8–2·0 Gy per fraction given 5 days per week over 7·5–8·5 weeks. Hypofractionated radiotherapy delivers 20–28 fractions of 2·5–2·6 Gy per fraction given 5 days per week over 4–5·6 weeks.
Methods:
A retrospective analysis of assessment of 30 patients was undertaken from 2016 to 2018. The aim of this study was to evaluate the 2-year outcomes of 30 patients with prostate cancer treated with hypofractionated radiotherapy 70 Gy in 28 fractions.
Results:
Biochemical failure with hypofractionated radiotherapy was found in a total of 20% of patients. In the classification by risk groups, there were no biochemical failures in low-risk patients; in the low intermediate course, 3·3% of patients; in the high intermediate group, 3·3% patients; and in the high-risk group, the largest documented biochemical failure was in 13·3% of patients. For acute urinary toxicity, grade I was 56·6%; grade II, 6·6%. For acute rectal toxicity, grade I was 46·6%; grade II, 3·3%.
Conclusion:
This is one of the first studies of hypofractionated radiotherapy in prostate cancer in Latin America, and the results of this study demonstrated that the outcomes were similar to the standard regimen in all risk groups.
In pathogenic fungi, melanin contributes to virulence, allowing tissue invasion and inactivation of the plant defence system, but has never been implicated as a factor for host cell death, or as a ...light-activated phytotoxin. Our research shows that melanin synthesized by the fungal banana pathogen Mycosphaerella fijiensis acts as a virulence factor through the photogeneration of singlet molecular oxygen O2 (1 Delta g). Using analytical tools, including elemental analysis, ultraviolet/infrared absorption spectrophometry and MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry analysis, we characterized both pigment content in mycelia and secreted to the culture media as 1,8-dihydroxynaphthalene (DHN)-melanin type compound. This is sole melanin-type in M. fijiensis. Isolated melanins irradiated with a Nd:YAG laser at 532 nm produced monomol light emission at 1270 nm, confirming generation of O2 (1 Delta g), a highly reactive oxygen specie (ROS) that causes cellular death by reacting with all cellular macromolecules. Intermediary polyketides accumulated in culture media by using tricyclazole and pyroquilon (two inhibitors of DHN-melanin synthesis) were identified by ESI-HPLC-MS/MS. Additionally, irradiation at 532 nm of that mixture of compounds and whole melanized mycelium also generated O2 (1 Delta g). A pigmented-strain generated more O2 (1 Delta g) than a strain with low melanin content. Banana leaves of cultivar Cavendish, naturally infected with different stages of black Sigatoka disease, were collected from field. Direct staining of the naturally infected leaf tissues showed the presence of melanin that was positively correlated to the disease stage. We also found hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) but we cannot distinguish the source. Our results suggest that O2 (1 Delta g) photogenerated by DHN-melanin may be involved in the destructive effects of Mycosphaerella fijiensis on banana leaf tissues. Further studies are needed to fully evaluate contributions of melanin-mediated ROS to microbial pathogenesis.
Las mezclas poliherbales elaboradas con plantas medicinales han mostrado efectos positivos en la disminución de gases de efecto invernadero. Por lo cual, el objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar una ...mezcla poliherbal elaborada con Zingiber officinalis, Trachyspermum ammi, Terminalia chebulic y Trigonella foenum-graecum en parámetros de fermentación in vitro. Se registraron las lecturas de presión y volumen de gas a las 3, 6, 9, 12, 24, 36, 48, 60 y 72 h, evaluando volumen máximo de gas, tasa de producción de gas, fase lag, degradabilidad de la materia seca, CH4 y CO2. Los datos se analizaron mediante un diseño completamente al azar, comparando las medias con una prueba de Tukey (P<0.05). Los resultados observados muestran una disminución en la digestibilidad (P=0.0238) así como un aumento en la producción de CH4 (P=0.03) con la adición de la mezcla herbal. Por lo tanto, el uso de la mezcla poliherbal no mostró efecto en la disminución de volumen máximo de gas, CH4 y CO2.
El objetivo de esta revisión de publicaciones científicas es identificar los aditivos poliherbales comerciales disponibles para finalización de corderos y evaluar los cambios productivos al ...utilizarlos. Se realizó una búsqueda sistematizada de artículos científicos en los buscadores PubMed, Web of Science y Science Direct utilizando las palabras clave lamb, growth performance, polyherbals y feed plant additives. Para incluir los artículos pasaron por un proceso de selección buscando que evaluaran corderos en finalización, incluyeran en las raciones formulas poliherbales comerciales, estuvieran publicados en revistas indizadas en JCR, Web of Science y Scimago Journal Rank y estuvieran escritas en idioma inglés. Se encontró reporte de 6 mezclas poliherbales con marca registrada las cuales, promediaron un incremento en la ganancia diaria de peso de 10.86 % cuando son incluidas en las raciones.
The synthesis of Ni(II) and Pd (II) coordination complexes containing Schiff's bases derived from the condensation of 2,4‐dihydroxybenzaldehyde with 4‐chloroaniline (L1) or 3,5‐dichloroaniline (L2) ...is described. The condensation of ligands L1 and L2 with chlorodiisopropylphosphine in the presence of a base produced the corresponding non‐symmetric pincer ligands POCOP‐1 and POCOP‐2 with the unexpected C−P bond formation by a hydrophosphorylation of the imine process. The new C−P bond formation probably occurring by a Kabachnik‐Field mechanism type without the requirement of catalysts or additional reagents. Further treatment of ligands POCOP‐1 or POCOP‐2 with NiCl2 afforded the non‐symmetric pincer complexes Ni(II)‐POCOP‐1 and Ni(II)‐POCOP‐2. The crystal structures of L1, 3, Ni(II)‐POCOP‐1 and Ni(II)‐POCOP‐2 were unequivocally determined by single crystal X‐ray diffraction studies. In addition, the metal complexes were used as catalysts in Suzuki‐Miyaura couplings under microwave irradiation, being the Pd(II) derivatives the best catalysts of the series when compared to their Ni(II) analogues under the same reaction conditions.
N−O chelating Schiff's bases from 2,4‐dihydroxybenzaldehyde were synthesized, and further functionalized with (iPr)2PCl to produce non‐symmetric POCOP pincer ligands with an unexpected C−P bond formation. Reactions of the ligands with Ni(II) or Pd(II) lead to the corresponding coordination or organometallic POCOP pincer compounds. All complexes were used as catalysts in Suzuki‐Miyaura couplings.
Synaptic plasticity involves structural modifications in dendritic spines that are modulated by local protein synthesis and actin remodeling. Here, we investigated the molecular mechanisms that ...connect synaptic stimulation to these processes. We found that the phosphorylation of isoform-specific sites in eEF1A2-an essential translation elongation factor in neurons-is a key modulator of structural plasticity in dendritic spines. Expression of a nonphosphorylatable eEF1A2 mutant stimulated mRNA translation but reduced actin dynamics and spine density. By contrast, a phosphomimetic eEF1A2 mutant exhibited decreased association with F-actin and was inactive as a translation elongation factor. Activation of metabotropic glutamate receptor signaling triggered transient dissociation of eEF1A2 from its regulatory guanine exchange factor (GEF) protein in dendritic spines in a phosphorylation-dependent manner. We propose that eEF1A2 establishes a cross-talk mechanism that coordinates translation and actin dynamics during spine remodeling.
Abstract
The genetic makeup of Indigenous populations inhabiting Mexico has been strongly influenced by geography and demographic history. Here, we perform a genome-wide analysis of 716 newly ...genotyped individuals from 60 of the 68 recognized ethnic groups in Mexico. We show that the genetic structure of these populations is strongly influenced by geography, and our demographic reconstructions suggest a decline in the population size of all tested populations in the last 15–30 generations. We find evidence that Aridoamerican and Mesoamerican populations diverged roughly 4–9.9 ka, around the time when sedentary farming started in Mesoamerica. Comparisons with ancient genomes indicate that the Upward Sun River 1 (USR1) individual is an outgroup to Mexican/South American Indigenous populations, whereas Anzick-1 was more closely related to Mesoamerican/South American populations than to those from Aridoamerica, showing an even more complex history of divergence than recognized so far.
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