There is ample evidence that morphological and social cues in a human face provide signals of human personality and behaviour. Previous studies have discovered associations between the features of ...artificial composite facial images and attributions of personality traits by human experts. We present new findings demonstrating the statistically significant prediction of a wider set of personality features (all the Big Five personality traits) for both men and women using real-life static facial images. Volunteer participants (N = 12,447) provided their face photographs (31,367 images) and completed a self-report measure of the Big Five traits. We trained a cascade of artificial neural networks (ANNs) on a large labelled dataset to predict self-reported Big Five scores. The highest correlations between observed and predicted personality scores were found for conscientiousness (0.360 for men and 0.335 for women) and the mean effect size was 0.243, exceeding the results obtained in prior studies using 'selfies'. The findings strongly support the possibility of predicting multidimensional personality profiles from static facial images using ANNs trained on large labelled datasets. Future research could investigate the relative contribution of morphological features of the face and other characteristics of facial images to predicting personality.
Generalized trust is an optimistic view of human nature that influences people's attitudes and behaviour. Most studies focus on the positive effects of generalized trust. However, there is evidence ...suggesting that generalized trust may be associated with both positive and negative outcomes. In the present study, we focus on the ambivalent associations of generalized trust with the Russians' attitudes towards the Russian invasion in Ukraine. We used cross‐sectional design in three online samples of Russian residents (N = 799, 745 and 742) collected in March, May and July 2022. The participants were anonymous volunteers who completed measures of generalized trust, national identity, global human identity and military attitudes. The study has shown that generalized trust was a positive predictor of both national identity and global human identity. National identity, however, predicted positive attitudes towards the invasion and the use of nuclear weapons, whereas global human identity was a negative predictor of those outcomes. Mediation analysis revealed that the indirect effects of generalized trust mediated by the two types of identification had an inverse direction. We interpret the results with reference to the differences in the content of national identity and global human identity.
Eudaimonia, in contrast to hedonia, is theorized to be a more complex type of positive functioning that involves personal growth and is guided by the pursuit of meaning. However, the existing ...evidence linking eudaimonia to personality development is rather scarce. To fill this gap, we aimed to explore whether ego development is related to eudaimonic well-being and eudaimonic orientations, most notably, the concern for meaning: we explored both the quantitative differences in the presence of meaning and the search for it, as well as qualitative differences in lay theories of meaning.
Russian-speaking volunteers recruited online (
= 364, aged 18 to 85, 63% female) completed measures of ego development (Washington University Sentence Completion Test), meaning in life (Meaning in Life Questionnaire), lay theories of meaning (and original 20-item measure), hedonic and eudaimonic motives for activities (HEMA), and well-being (Mental Health Continuum-Short Form).
Ego development emerged as a weak, but significant positive predictor of well-being and this effect was fully mediated by the presence of meaning and eudaimonic motives. Latent profile analysis of the items tapping into lay theories of meaning revealed four distinct individual approaches to meaning that mainly differed in the subjective importance and salience of meaning. Participants with stronger concern for meaning revealed higher scores on ego development, both presence and search for meaning, eudaimonic motives, and well-being.
The results add to the evidence concerning the links between ego development and well-being and are in line with the theoretical view of eudaimonia as a process of growth guided by personal concern for meaning. The findings suggest that eudaimonia might be more easily attained by individuals at higher stages of personal development.
The notion of satisfaction with the use of one's time has not been operationalized previously. Based on qualitative interviews, we propose a concept of positive time use comprised by four components: ...self-congruence of daily activities, balance between activities, efficient use of time, and a sense of mastery over one's time.
Using data from two UK adult samples (
= 173 and
= 357), we developed a new measure, Positive Time Use Inventory (PTUI), and investigated its structural and convergent validity.
The associations of positive time use with balanced time perspective, affect balance, satisfaction with life, sense of coherence, and self-reported satisfaction with time use indicate convergent and discriminant validity of the new measure. Positive time use partially explained the associations of balanced time perspective with subjective well-being and fully mediated the effects of future time perspective and time management on subjective well-being. We propose positive time use as a new model of temporal well-being, which brings together the notions of work-life balance, time efficiency, and time mastery in a single comprehensive framework, helping to inform the time management coaching interventions.
This research examined minority stress and mental health in Russian lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) people in young and middle adulthood (18–50 years; N = 1,127). The online survey ...included measures of feared and experienced everyday discrimination, internalized stigmatization, and identity nondisclosure (minority stress indicators) as well as measures of anxiety and depression (internalizing mental health problems) and substance misuse and sexual risk behavior (externalizing mental health problems). Minority group (lesbian/gay vs. bisexual vs. transgender), gender identity (female vs. male vs. nonbinary), and age accounted for relatively little variance (6% at maximum) in minority stress and mental health, except for two variables, experience of discrimination (11% of variance explained; highest rates among transgender persons) and sexual risk behavior (22% of variance explained; highest rates among gay men). Feared and experienced discrimination showed the strongest associations with internalizing problems, while internalized stigmatization was, at a lower level, equally related to internalizing and externalizing problems. Identity nondisclosure showed a relatively weak and ambivalent association with mental health problems. Taken together, the minority stress variables explained 26% of variance in anxiety and 16% of variance in depression, but only 3% in substance misuse and sexual risk behavior. The results are compared to those of previous research stemming from Western cultural contexts. Implications for public health policy and mental health care for Russian LGBT people are discussed. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved) (Source: journal abstract)
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Previous research has firmly established the efficacy of Motivational Interviewing (MI) in helping individuals to overcome their alcohol addiction. However, there is a large diversity in the sizes of ...these effects and it is not clear how the different MI strategies and techniques contribute to treatment outcomes. We compared the efficacy of three MI intervention plans using a randomized matched pre-test/post-test design spanning a 10-week period. The participants were 45 French individuals (29 male and 16 female) seeking treatment for alcohol dependence who received 5 sessions of MI. Participants from all groups reported moderate to strong changes (
d
> 0.80) in alcohol consumption, temptation to drink, abstinence self-efficacy, internal motivation to change behavior, and well-being (anxiety, depression, satisfaction with life, and self-esteem). ANCOVA analyses showed that the changes in alcohol consumption, temptation to drink, and abstinence self-efficacy were weakest in the group that only used the internal motivation strategies and strongest in the group using a combination of the internal motivation strategies, decisional balance, and self-efficacy strategies. The findings support the efficacy of a combination of three MI strategies. Future research comparing the effects of different MI intervention plans could help to ensure consistently effective alcohol addiction treatment.
Science asserts that resilience at work can be developed, with evidence pinpointing to multiple resources that can be built through deliberate coaching, training and interventions. This paper ...presents a mixed-methods study exploring the effectiveness of group coaching using SPARK Resilience training, a model and a structured coaching protocol that have been administered in educational and workplace settings in face-to-face format and remotely. The study used a non-randomised controlled design with a pre-test and a post-test in a sample of French adults (N = 101 in the intervention group and N = 86 in the waitlist control group). The SPARK Resilience programme was administered online with 8 sessions spanning 4 weeks in April 2020, during the very early stage of the pandemic and lockdown in France. The results indicate beneficial effects of the intervention on meaning, resilience, positive affect, and perceived stress outcomes (d in the .40-.56 range), as well as weaker effects on negative affect (d = .35) and work engagement (d = .21). Moderator analyses suggest that the effects of the intervention on perceived stress and negative affect tended to be stronger for older adults. Participants reported high levels of satisfaction with the intervention and provided 151 responses to three open-ended questions that were coded using thematic analysis, revealing specific benefits of the intervention. The findings are interpreted within the pandemic context, showing the way resilience interventions can help people overcome unprecedented challenges.
Introduction: This study examined the sources and factors of resilience in Russian sexual and gender minorities. We hypothesized that, through their involvement in the lesbian, gay, bisexual, and ...transgender (LGBT) community (source of resilience), LGBT people establish friendships that provide them with social support (factor of resilience), which in turn should contribute to their mental health. Method: The study sample consisted of 1,127 young and middle-aged LGBT adults (18 to 50 years) from Russia. We collected the data online and anonymously. Results: Partial mediation could be confirmed. LGBT people who were involved in "their" community reported more social support from friends, which partially mediated the positive association between community involvement and mental health. The mediation remained significant when we controlled for demographics and outness as potential covariates. Additional analyses showed that the present sample reported lower mental health but not less social support than Russian nonminority samples recruited in previous research. Conclusion: Our study underlines the importance of the LGBT community in times of increasing stigmatization of sexual and gender minorities.
Objective
The Mental Health Continuum‐Short Form (MHC‐SF) is a brief scale measuring positive human functioning. The study aimed to examine the factor structure and to explore the cross‐cultural ...utility of the MHC‐SF using bifactor models and exploratory structural equation modelling.
Method
Using multigroup confirmatory analysis (MGCFA) we examined the measurement invariance of the MHC‐SF in 38 countries (university students, N = 8,066; 61.73% women, mean age 21.55 years).
Results
MGCFA supported the cross‐cultural replicability of a bifactor structure and a metric level of invariance between student samples. The average proportion of variance explained by the general factor was high (ECV = .66), suggesting that the three aspects of mental health (emotional, social, and psychological well‐being) can be treated as a single dimension of well‐being.
Conclusion
The metric level of invariance offers the possibility of comparing correlates and predictors of positive mental functioning across countries; however, the comparison of the levels of mental health across countries is not possible due to lack of scalar invariance. Our study has preliminary character and could serve as an initial assessment of the structure of the MHC‐SF across different cultural settings. Further studies on general populations are required for extending our findings.
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