Laser-plasma accelerators of only a centimetre's length have produced nearly monoenergetic electron bunches with energy as high as 1 GeV. Scaling these compact accelerators to multi-gigaelectronvolt ...energy would open the prospect of building X-ray free-electron lasers and linear colliders hundreds of times smaller than conventional facilities, but the 1 GeV barrier has so far proven insurmountable. Here, by applying new petawatt laser technology, we produce electron bunches with a spectrum prominently peaked at 2 GeV with only a few per cent energy spread and unprecedented sub-milliradian divergence. Petawatt pulses inject ambient plasma electrons into the laser-driven accelerator at much lower density than was previously possible, thereby overcoming the principal physical barriers to multi-gigaelectronvolt acceleration: dephasing between laser-driven wake and accelerating electrons and laser pulse erosion. Simulations indicate that with improvements in the laser-pulse focus quality, acceleration to nearly 10 GeV should be possible with the available pulse energy.
Abstract
The electronic instabilities in CsV
3
Sb
5
are believed to originate from the V 3
d
-electrons on the kagome plane, however the role of Sb 5
p
-electrons for 3-dimensional orders is largely ...unexplored. Here, using resonant tender X-ray scattering and high-pressure X-ray scattering, we report a rare realization of conjoined charge density waves (CDWs) in CsV
3
Sb
5
, where a 2 × 2 × 1 CDW in the kagome sublattice and a Sb 5
p
-electron assisted 2 × 2 × 2 CDW coexist. At ambient pressure, we discover a resonant enhancement on Sb
L
1
-edge (2
s
→5
p
) at the 2 × 2 × 2 CDW wavevectors. The resonance, however, is absent at the 2 × 2 × 1 CDW wavevectors. Applying hydrostatic pressure, CDW transition temperatures are separated, where the 2 × 2 × 2 CDW emerges 4 K above the 2 × 2 × 1 CDW at 1 GPa. These observations demonstrate that symmetry-breaking phases in CsV
3
Sb
5
go beyond the minimal framework of kagome electronic bands near van Hove filling.
Plasma-based accelerators have made impressive progress in recent years. However, the beam energy spread obtained in these accelerators is still at the ∼1% level, nearly one order of magnitude larger ...than what is needed for challenging applications like coherent light sources or colliders. In plasma accelerators, the beam energy spread is mainly dominated by its energy chirp (longitudinally correlated energy spread). Here we demonstrate that when an initially chirped electron beam from a linac with a proper current profile is sent through a low-density plasma structure, the self-wake of the beam can significantly reduce its energy chirp and the overall energy spread. The resolution-limited energy spectrum measurements show at least a threefold reduction of the beam energy spread from 1.28% to 0.41% FWHM with a dechirping strength of ∼1 (MV/m)/(mm pC). Refined time-resolved phase space measurements, combined with high-fidelity three-dimensional particle-in-cell simulations, further indicate the real energy spread after the dechirper is only about 0.13% (FWHM), a factor of 10 reduction of the initial energy spread.
The combination of nontrivial band topology and symmetry-breaking phases gives rise to novel quantum states and phenomena such as topological superconductivity, quantum anomalous Hall effect, and ...axion electrodynamics. Evidence of intertwined charge density wave (CDW) and superconducting order parameters has recently been observed in a novel kagome material AV_{3}Sb_{5} (A=K, Rb, Cs) that features a Z_{2} topological invariant in the electronic structure. However, the origin of the CDW and its intricate interplay with the topological state has yet to be determined. Here, using hard-x-ray scattering, we demonstrate a three-dimensional CDW with 2×2×2 superstructure in (Rb,Cs)V_{3}Sb_{5}. Unexpectedly, we find that the CDW fails to induce acoustic phonon anomalies at the CDW wave vector but yields a novel Raman mode that quickly damps into a broad continuum below the CDW transition temperature. Our observations exclude strong electron-phonon-coupling-driven CDW in AV_{3}Sb_{5} and support an unconventional CDW that was proposed in the kagome lattice at van Hove filling.
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A new method capable of capturing coherent electric field structures propagating at nearly the speed of light in plasma with a time resolution as small as a few femtoseconds is proposed. This method ...uses a few femtoseconds long relativistic electron bunch to probe the wake produced in a plasma by an intense laser pulse or an ultra-short relativistic charged particle beam. As the probe bunch traverses the wake, its momentum is modulated by the electric field of the wake, leading to a density variation of the probe after free-space propagation. This variation of probe density produces a snapshot of the wake that can directly give many useful information of the wake structure and its evolution. Furthermore, this snapshot allows detailed mapping of the longitudinal and transverse components of the wakefield. We develop a theoretical model for field reconstruction and verify it using 3-dimensional particle-in-cell (PIC) simulations. This model can accurately reconstruct the wakefield structure in the linear regime, and it can also qualitatively map the major features of nonlinear wakes. The capturing of the injection in a nonlinear wake is demonstrated through 3D PIC simulations as an example of the application of this new method.
In this study, three types of adaptive neuro fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) were employed to predict effluent suspended solids (SS
eff), chemical oxygen demand (COD
eff), and pH
eff from a wastewater ...treatment plant in industrial park. For comparison, artificial neural network (ANN) was also used. The results indicated that ANFIS statistically outperformed ANN in terms of effluent prediction. The minimum mean absolute percentage errors of 2.67%, 2.80%, and 0.42% for SS
eff, COD
eff, and pH
eff could be achieved using ANFIS. The maximum values of correlation coefficient for SS
eff, COD
eff, and pH
eff were 0.96, 0.93, and 0.95, respectively. The minimum mean square errors of 0.19, 2.25, and 0.00, and the minimum root mean square errors of 0.43, 1.48, and 0.04 for SS
eff, COD
eff, and pH
eff could also be achieved. ANFIS’s architecture can overcome the limitations of traditional neural network. It also revealed that the influent indices could be applied to the prediction of effluent quality.
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