•Hydrogels for wound dressing were made using bacterial cellulose and acrylic acid.•Optimal crosslinking (35kGy) gave a strong and elastic hydrogel dubbed H35.•Hydrogels were non-cytotoxic in mouse ...fibroblast cells (L929).•H35 induced re-epithelialization, fibroblast proliferation, and collagen deposition.•H35 had the highest wound contraction rate and accelerated wound-healing processes.
Natural polymer-based hydrogels are of interest to health care professionals as wound dressings owing to their ability to absorb exudates and provide hydration for healing. The aims of this study were to develop and characterize bacterial cellulose/acrylic acid (BC/AA) hydrogels synthesized by electron beam irradiation and investigate its wound healing potential in an animal model. The BC/AA hydrogels were characterized by SEM, tensile strength, water absorptivity, and water vapor transmission rate (WVTR). The cytotoxicity of the hydrogels was investigated in L929 cells. Skin irritation and wound healing properties were evaluated in Sprague-Dawley rats. BC/AA hydrogels had a macroporous network structure, high swelling ratio (4000–6000% at 24h), and high WVTR (2175–2280g/m2/day). The hydrogels were non-toxic in the cell viability assay. In vivo experiments indicated that hydrogels promoted faster wound-healing, enhanced epithelialization, and accelerated fibroblast proliferation compared to that in the control group. These results suggest that BC/AA hydrogels are promising materials for burn dressings.
Purpose
The physicians say that the least anatomy is required for clinical practice. But the disease causes anatomical distortions or variations in structures impairing functions of organs and ...systems. So, the diagnosis and analysis of treatment of disease depend on interwoven inter-relationship among Anatomy, Physiology, Pathology, Radiology and clinical sciences. Consequently, the upcoming doctors are to be cultivated sufficient anatomy. Therefore, the objective of this study is to analyze viewpoints of medical students, faculties and practitioners regarding degree of need of Anatomy in clinical practice.
Methods
A feedback survey has been carried out among students and faculties to seek their views on the need of Anatomy in clinical practice using two hypotheses. Hypothesis 1 defines the degree of need of Anatomy (‘most essential’, ‘essential’ and ‘least essential’) in clinical practice based on answers of questionnaire by medical students and faculties, whereas hypothesis 2 assigns weights depending on knowledge and experience of the feedback providers. The means/weighted means of views have been statistically analyzed. Additionally, the literature survey was carried out on the demand, necessity, importance, usefulness and applicability of Anatomy in clinical practice.
Results
Our statistical analysis revealed that Anatomy is ‘most essential’ for clinical practice. In literature survey too, the inadequate knowledge of anatomy among medical students leads to poor comprehension of clinical practice. So, anatomy is most essential for clinical practice.
Conclusion
Sound knowledge of Human Anatomy is most essential during medical practice for Physicians.
Herbal medicine, phytomedicine or botanical medicine are synonymous, utilizes plants intended for medicinal purposes. Medicinal use of herbal medicine in the treatment and prevention of diseases ...including diabetes has a long history compared to conventional medicine. Diabetes is one of the major public health concerns over the world. Diabetes or hyperglycemia is considered to be one of the common public health hazard; optimal control of which is still not possible. Persistent hyperglycemia or uncontrolled diabetes has the potential to cause serious complications such as kidney disease, vision loss, cardiovascular disease, and lower-limb amputations which contributed towards morbidity and mortality in diabetes. There are various approaches to treat and prevent diabetes as well as its secondary complications, one of it is herbal medicines. However, the selection of herbs might depends on several factors, which include the stage of progression of diabetes, types of comorbidities that the patients are having, availability, affordability as well as the safety profile of the herbs. This review focuses on the herbal and natural remedies that play the role in the treatment or prevention of this morbid disorder diabetes, including their underlying mechanisms for the blood glucose-lowering property and the herbal products already been marketed for the remedial action of diabetes.
We have developed two candidate vaccines to protect against multiple strains of Strep A infections. The candidates are combinatorial synthetic peptide vaccines composed of a M protein epitope (J8 or ...p*17) and a non-M protein epitope (K4S2). To enhance immunogenicity, each peptide is conjugated to the carrier protein CRM
(CRM) and formulated with aluminium hydroxide adjuvant Alhydrogel (Alum) to make the final vaccines, J8-CRM + K4S2-CRM/Alum and p*17-CRM + K4S2-CRM/Alum. The safety and toxicity of each vaccine was assessed. Sprague Dawley rats were administered three intramuscular doses, over a six-week study with a 4-week recovery period. A control group received CRM only formulated with Alum (CRM/Alum). There was no evidence of systemic toxicity in the rats administered either vaccine. There was an associated increase in white blood cell, lymphocyte and monocyte counts, increased adrenal gland weights, adrenocortical hypertrophy, and increased severity of granulomatous inflammation at the sites of injection and the associated inguinal lymph nodes. These changes were considered non-adverse. All rats administered vaccine developed a robust and sustained immunological response. The absence of clinical toxicity and the development of an immunological response in the rats suggests that the vaccines are safe for use in a phase 1 clinical trial in healthy humans.
The prevalence of vaginal infection is increasing among women, especially at reproductive age. For proper eradication of infection, the effective concentration of a drug is required at the infection ...site. Therefore, local delivery is recommended to exert a direct therapeutic effect at the site action that causes a reduction in dose and side effects. The main focus of vaginal drug delivery is to enhance retention time and patient compliance. The high recurrence rate of vaginal infection due to the lack of effective treatment strategies opens the door for new therapeutic approaches. To combat these setbacks, intravaginal gene therapies have been investigated. High attention has been gained by vaginal gene therapy, especially for sexually transmitted infection treatment. Despite much research, no product is available in the market, although in vitro and preclinical data support the vaginal route as an effective route for gene administration. The main focus of this review is to discuss the recent advancement in miniaturized polymeric systems for intravaginal gene therapies to treat local infections. An overview of different barriers to vaginal delivery and challenges of vaginal infection treatment are also summarised.
The advancement of delivery tools for therapeutic agents has brought several novel formulations with increased drug loading, sustained release, targeted delivery, and prolonged efficacy. Amongst the ...several novel delivery approaches, multivesicular liposome has gained potential interest because this delivery system possesses the above advantages. In addition, this multivesicular liposomal delivery prevents degradation of the entrapped drug within the physiological environment while administered. The special structure of the vesicles allowed successful entrapment of hydrophobic and hydrophilic therapeutic agents, including proteins and peptides. Furthermore, this novel formulation could maintain the desired drug concentration in the plasma for a prolonged period, which helps to reduce the dosing frequencies, improve bioavailability, and safety. This tool could also provide stability of the formulation, and finally gaining patient compliance. Several multivesicular liposomes received approval for clinical research, while others are at different stages of laboratory research. In this review, we have focused on the preparation of multivesicular liposomes along with their application in different ailments for the improvement of the performance of the entrapped drug. Moreover, the challenges of delivering multivesicular vesicles have also been emphasized. Overall, it could be inferred that multivesicular liposomal delivery is a platform of advanced drug delivery with improved efficacy and safety.
Treatment of central nervous system (CNS) disorders is challenging using conventional delivery strategies and routes of administration because of the presence of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). This ...BBB restricts the permeation of most of the therapeutics targeting the brain because of its impervious characteristics. Thus, the challenges of delivering the therapeutic agents across the BBB to the brain overcoming the issue of insufficient entry of neurotherapeutics require immediate attention for recovering from the issues by the use of modern platforms of drug delivery and novel routes of administration. Therefore, the advancement of drug delivery tools and delivering these tools using the intranasal route of drug administration have shown the potential of circumventing the BBB, thereby delivering the therapeutics to the brain at a significant concentration with minimal exposure to systemic circulation. These novel strategies could lead to improved efficacy of antipsychotic agents using several advanced drug delivery tools while delivered
the intranasal route. This review emphasized the present challenges of delivering the neurotherapeutics to the brain using conventional routes of administration and overcoming the issues by exploring the intranasal route of drug administration to deliver the therapeutics circumventing the biological barrier of the brain. An overview of different problems with corresponding solutions in administering therapeutics
the intranasal route with special emphasis on advanced drug delivery systems targeting to deliver CNS therapeutics has been focused. Furthermore, preclinical and clinical advancements on the delivery of antipsychotics using this intranasal route have also been emphasized.
Catalpol isolated from
is a potent antioxidant and investigated against many disorders. This review appraises the key molecular pathways of catalpol against diabetes mellitus and its complications. ...Multiple search engines including Google Scholar, PubMed, and Science Direct were used to retrieve publications containing the keywords "Catalpol", "Type 1 diabetes mellitus", "Type 2 diabetes mellitus", and "diabetic complications". Catalpol promotes IRS-1/PI3K/AKT/GLUT2 activity and suppresses Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) and Glucose 6-phosphatase (G6Pase) expression in the liver. Catalpol induces myogenesis by increasing MyoD/MyoG/MHC expression and improves mitochondria function through the AMPK/PGC-1α/PPAR-γ and TFAM signaling in skeletal muscles. Catalpol downregulates the pro-inflammatory markers and upregulates the anti-inflammatory markers in adipose tissues. Catalpol exerts antioxidant properties through increasing superoxide dismutase (sod), catalase (cat), and glutathione peroxidase (gsh-px) activity in the pancreas and liver. Catalpol has been shown to have anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptosis, and anti-fibrosis properties that in turn bring beneficial effects in diabetic complications. Its nephroprotective effect is related to the modulation of the AGE/RAGE/NF-κB and TGF-β/smad2/3 pathways. Catalpol produces a neuroprotective effect by increasing the expression of protein Kinase-C (PKC) and Cav-1. Furthermore, catalpol exhibits a cardioprotective effect through the apelin/APJ and ROS/NF-κB/Neat1 pathway. Catalpol stimulates proliferation and differentiation of osteoblast cells in high glucose condition. Lastly, catalpol shows its potential in preventing neurodegeneration in the retina with NF-κB downregulation. Overall, catalpol exhibits numerous beneficial effects on diabetes mellitus and diabetic complications.
Group A streptococcus (GAS) is a serious human pathogen that affects people of different ages and socio-economic levels. Although vaccination is potentially one of the most effective methods to ...control GAS infection and its sequelae, few prototype vaccines have been investigated in humans. In this study, we report the safety and immunogenicity of a novel acetylated peptide-protein conjugate vaccine candidate MJ8VAX (J8-DT), when delivered intramuscularly to healthy adults.
A randomized, double-blinded, controlled Phase I clinical trial was conducted in 10 healthy adult participants. Participants were randomized 4:1 to receive the vaccine candidate (N = 8) or placebo (N = 2). A single dose of the vaccine candidate (MJ8VAX), contained 50 μg of peptide conjugate (J8-DT) adsorbed onto aluminium hydroxide and re-suspended in PBS in a total volume of 0.5 mL. Safety of the vaccine candidate was assessed by monitoring local and systemic adverse reactions following intramuscular administration. The immunogenicity of the vaccine was assessed by measuring the levels of peptide (anti-J8) and toxoid carrier (anti-DT)-specific antibodies in serum samples.
No serious adverse events were reported over 12 months of study. A total of 13 adverse events (AEs) were recorded, two of which were assessed to be associated with the vaccine. Both were mild in severity. No local reactogenicity was recorded in any of the participants. MJ8VAX was shown to be immunogenic, with increase in vaccine-specific antibodies in the participants who received the vaccine. The maximum level of vaccine-specific antibodies was detected at 28 days post immunization. The level of these antibodies decreased with time during follow-up. Participants who received the vaccine also had a corresponding increase in anti-DT serum antibodies.
Intramuscular administration of MJ8VAX was demonstrated to be safe and immunogenic. The presence of DT in the vaccine formulation resulted in a boost in the level of anti-DT antibodies.
ACTRN12613000030774.
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