This study compares the DSM-IV and DSM-5 diagnostic criteria for eating disorders. DSM-IV resulted in a large number of patients being diagnosed with Eating Disorder Not Otherwise Specified (EDNOS). ...In DSM-5 the residual category is renamed Other Specified Feeding and Eating Disorders (OSFED) and Unspecified Eating Disorders (UFED) however the diagnostic criteria for the residual category in each of the diagnostic systems remains the same. This study aims to evaluate the changes in percentages of patients in a residual DSM-IV category compared to a residual DSM-5 category by retrospectively applying DSM-5 criteria to the clinical records of a patient population in a clinical setting. It also aims to compare the psychopathology between the EDNOS and OSFED/UFED groups.
285 participants were recruited from a specialised eating disorder clinic in Australia over a 5-year period from 2009 until 2014. The clinical records of patients with diagnoses of anorexia nervosa (AN), bulimia nervosa (BN) and EDNOS were retrospectively assessed using the DSM-5 criteria. All patients who had attended the clinic and received an eating disorder diagnosis during this period were included in the study. No patients were diagnosed with binge eating disorder during the study period. This is surprising given the prevalence of binge eating disorder in the community. It is possible that individuals with binge eating disorder were not referred to the clinic following the initial referral and assessment due to the lack of binge eating specific interventions available. The referral process may also have been skewed towards AN, BN and EDNOS due to a perception by referring parties that binge eating disorder was a 'milder' condition that did not require specialist intervention. Information in the clinical records included structured clinical interviews, and self-rating scales of eating disorder and other psychiatric symptoms and a longitudinal narrative of patient performance and attitude during observed meals.
We observed a 23.5% reduction in the diagnosis of OSFED/UFED with the implementation of DSM-5 compared to EDNOS with DSM-IV. The removal of Criterion D, amenorrhoea, was the leading cause for transition from EDNOS to AN.
DSM-5 has reduced the reliance on EDNOS. However this study was unable to examine the reliability of the new diagnostic criteria or the impact of DSM-5 on binge eating disorder.
The allylsilanes, (R)-E- and (R)-Z-4-trimethylsilylpent-2-ene 16, were prepared in essentially an enantiomerically and geometrically pure state (er >99.95 : 0.05, E : Z and Z : E >99.95 : 0.05) by, ...successively, conjugate addition of lithium dimethylcuprate to N-(E)-3'-trimethylsilylpropenoyl-(7S)-10,10-dimethyl-4-aza-5-thiatricyclo5.2.1.0(3,7)decane 5,5-dioxide 13, to give N-(E)-(3'R)-3'-trimethylsilylbutanoyl-(7S)-10,10-dimethyl-4-aza-5-thiatricyclo5.2.1.0(3,7)decane 5,5-dioxide, removal of the chiral auxiliary with bromomagnesium benzyloxide, aldol reaction with acetaldehyde, and decarboxylative elimination, to give either the Z- or E-isomer. Both the E- and Z-allylsilanes 16 reacted with the adamantyl cation to give mixtures of E- and Z-4-adamantylpent-2-enes 17. The E-allylsilane gave the E- and Z-products in a ratio of 40 : 60, and the Z-allylsilane gave the E- and Z-products in a ratio of 99.8:0.02. The enantiomer ratio was >99:1 for the reaction of the E-allylsilane giving the Z-product, 90:10 for the E-allylsilane giving the E-product, and 95 : 5 for the Z-allylsilane giving the E-product, showing that the reactions were stereospecific to a high degree, but not always quite completely so. The allenylsilane, 2-trimethylsilylpenta-2,3-diene 29, was prepared enantiomerically highly enriched (er 99:1) by copper-catalysed reaction of methylmagnesium chloride with (S)-4-trimethylsilylbut-3-yn-2-yl camphor-10-sulfonate 28. The allenylsilane 29 reacted with the adamantyl cation to give (S)-4-adamantylpent-2-yne (S)-30 with the same level of enantiomeric purity, showing that the reaction was, as accurately as can be measured, completely stereospecific. The allenylsilane 29 also reacted with isobutanal in the presence of titanium tetrachloride to give 2,4-dimethylhept-5-yn-3-ol as a mixture of diastereoisomers, syn 31 and anti 32, in a ratio of 95:5, with the major diastereoisomer present as a mixture of enantiomers (4R,5R):(4S,5S) in a ratio of 99:1, showing that the reaction was, as accurately as can be measured, completely stereospecific in the anti sense. The corresponding propargylsilane, 4-trimethylsilylpent-2-yne 37, reacted with the adamantyl cation to give dienes assigned the structures 2,3-diadamantyl-1,3-pentadiene 42 and 2,4-diadamantyl-1,3-pentadiene 43, and reacted with isobutanal in the presence of titanium tetrachloride to give 2-(1-hydroxy-2-methylpropyl)-3-trimethylsilylpenta-1,3-dienes 45 and 2,4-dimethyl-5-trimethylsilylhept-5-en-3-one 46. The enantiomerically enriched propargylsilane (R)-1,3-bis(trimethylsilyl)but-1-yne (er >99.7:0.3) was prepared from the sultam 13, by removal of the chiral auxiliary with lithium ethoxide, reduction of the ethyl ester to give (R)-3-trimethylsilylbutanal 60, enol triflate formation, beta-elimination and C-silylation. The propargylsilane reacted with 2,4-dinitrobenzaldehyde in the presence of titanium tetrachloride to give the allenes, 1-(2,4-dinitrophenyl)-2-trimethylsilylpenta-2,3-dienols 63-66, as two diastereoisomers in a ratio of 2 : 1, each of which was a pair of enantiomers in a ratio of approximately 3:1, showing that there was considerable loss of stereospecificity, but that what there was was in the anti sense. A similar reaction with isobutanal gave a similar set of four allenes, 2-methyl-4-trimethylsilylhepta-4,5-dien-3-ol 73-76, but with a negligible degree of stereospecificity.
The propargylsilane, 1,3-bistrimethylsilylbut-1-yne,
11
reacts with aldehydes in the presence of titanium tetrachloride in
anti S
E2′ reactions, but with a low level of stereospecificity, 75:25 with ...2,4-dinitrobenzaldehyde and close to 50:50 with isobutyraldehyde.
A propargylsilane reacts with aldehydes stereospecifically
anti, but the degree of stereospecificity is markedly lower than in the corresponding reactions of allylsilanes and allenylsilanes.
Abstract
CATH (https://www.cathdb.info) identifies domains in protein structures from wwPDB and classifies these into evolutionary superfamilies, thereby providing structural and functional ...annotations. There are two levels: CATH-B, a daily snapshot of the latest domain structures and superfamily assignments, and CATH+, with additional derived data, such as predicted sequence domains, and functionally coherent sequence subsets (Functional Families or FunFams). The latest CATH+ release, version 4.3, significantly increases coverage of structural and sequence data, with an addition of 65,351 fully-classified domains structures (+15%), providing 500 238 structural domains, and 151 million predicted sequence domains (+59%) assigned to 5481 superfamilies. The FunFam generation pipeline has been re-engineered to cope with the increased influx of data. Three times more sequences are captured in FunFams, with a concomitant increase in functional purity, information content and structural coverage. FunFam expansion increases the structural annotations provided for experimental GO terms (+59%). We also present CATH-FunVar web-pages displaying variations in protein sequences and their proximity to known or predicted functional sites. We present two case studies (1) putative cancer drivers and (2) SARS-CoV-2 proteins. Finally, we have improved links to and from CATH including SCOP, InterPro, Aquaria and 2DProt.
Global navigation satellite systems-reflectometry (GNSS-R) is an emerging remote sensing technique that makes use of navigation signals as signals of opportunity in a multistatic radar configuration, ...with as many transmitters as navigation satellites are in view. GNSS-R sensitivity to soil moisture has already been proven from ground-based and airborne experiments, but studies using space-borne data are still preliminary due to the limited amount of data, collocation, footprint heterogeneity, etc. This study presents a sensitivity study of TechDemoSat-1 GNSS-R data to soil moisture over different types of surfaces (i.e., vegetation covers) and for a wide range of soil moisture and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) values. Despite the scattering in the data, which can be largely attributed to the delay-Doppler maps peak variance, the temporal and spatial (footprint size) collocation mismatch with the SMOS soil moisture, and MODIS NDVI vegetation data, and land use data, experimental results for low NDVI values show a large sensitivity to soil moisture and a relatively good Pearson correlation coefficient. As the vegetation cover increases (NDVI increases) the reflectivity, the sensitivity to soil moisture and the Pearson correlation coefficient decreases, but it is still significant.
•Grimace scales were developed based on pain scales measuring facial expression in human neonates.•Grimace scales to measure pain now exist for 10 species.•Grimace scales have high reliability and ...validity, but can be affected by a number of modulatory factors.
The measurement of pain in animals is surprisingly complex, and remains a critical issue in veterinary care and biomedical research. Based on the known utility of pain measurement via facial expression in verbal and especially non-verbal human populations, “grimace scales” were first developed a decade ago for use in rodents and now exist for 10 different mammalian species. This review details the background context, historical development, features (including duration), psychometric properties, modulatory factors, and impact of animal grimace scales for pain.
A very basic pathway from CO2 to ethyleneEthylene is an important commodity chemical for plastics. It is considered a tractable target for synthesizing renewable resources from carbon dioxide (CO2). ...The challenge is that the performance of the copper electrocatalysts used for this conversion under the required basic reaction conditions suffers from the competing reaction of CO2 with the base to form bicarbonate. Dinh et al. designed an electrode that tolerates the base by optimizing CO2 diffusion to the catalytic sites (see the Perspective by Ager and Lapkin). This catalyst design delivers 70% efficiency for 150 hours.Science, this issue p. 783; see also p. 707Carbon dioxide (CO2) electroreduction could provide a useful source of ethylene, but low conversion efficiency, low production rates, and low catalyst stability limit current systems. Here we report that a copper electrocatalyst at an abrupt reaction interface in an alkaline electrolyte reduces CO2 to ethylene with 70% faradaic efficiency at a potential of −0.55 volts versus a reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE). Hydroxide ions on or near the copper surface lower the CO2 reduction and carbon monoxide (CO)–CO coupling activation energy barriers; as a result, onset of ethylene evolution at −0.165 volts versus an RHE in 10 molar potassium hydroxide occurs almost simultaneously with CO production. Operational stability was enhanced via the introduction of a polymer-based gas diffusion layer that sandwiches the reaction interface between separate hydrophobic and conductive supports, providing constant ethylene selectivity for an initial 150 operating hours.
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