Drawing upon documents, memoirs, testimonies, and scholarly literature, this study elucidates the dynamics underlying the October 5th alterations in 2000 within the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia and ...the Republic of Serbia. „The Fifth October“ refers to a sudden shift in political authority driven by compounded socio-political, economic, and societal tensions, alongside external influences. These multifaceted political and security upheavals, culminating on October 5, 2000, exhibited characteristics akin to a „colored revolution“, signifying a change in power dynamics without altering the prevailing political structure or formal power mechanisms. While temporal detachment affords a more impartial inquiry, the analysis contends with entrenched political narratives, oscillating between glorification and complete denial of the significance of October 5th.
For over 30 years, Lieutenant General Markus Wolff headed the Main Intelligence Directorate of the Ministry of State Security of the German Democratic Republic. Today, there is neither that state nor ...that service, and Wolf died in 2006. However, Wolff is certainly the most impressive figure in the intelligence world, above all in the period from the end of the Second World War to the end of the Cold War, and with his ability and results he established himself as the most capable Cold War head of the intelligence service. However, his fate is a tragic one, Wolff perished in the vortex of complex political-security relations between the East and the West, where the collapse of the Soviet Union and the Warsaw Pact were decisive for his personal and professional fate. The article analyzes and sheds light on the causes and impacts of complex social phenomena that trace broader social relations, with an emphasis on how these relations can affect an individual who is in a responsible position. The life story of Marcus Wolff is not only a story about him, about two Germanys, about the Cold War, but also a story that has a much deeper background, it is a story about sacrifice, betrayal and suffering in intelligence world.
The Russian-Georgian five-day war represents not only an extremely interesting military phenomenon, but also sheds light on the challenging corridors of the complex geopolitical framework in the ...South Caucasus region. Although this five-day war is relatively often mentioned in the domestic public during various military and political analyses, it is noticeable that there is no adequate fund of scientific papers and other professional analyzes that would follow this dynamic and level of interest. Certain events of a complex structure and character, which certainly includes a war, even a five-day one, require a certain time distance and passage of time, in order to create the conditions to draw objective conclusions, which would be useful in both scientific and social meaning. Although at that time this war seemed, conditionally speaking, as a fairly simple and successful operation of the Russian armed forces, it actually brought to the surface all the anomalies, not only of the Russian army, but also of the Russian society as a whole, with its multi-layered analysis. This contributed to the Russian state leadership making important decisions and making certain systemic changes, which brought progress to the Russian side, and added worries to the opponents. From the characteristics of this war, many other countries can also draw certain experiences, primarily for the most effective protection of their sovereignty and territorial integrity.
Hybrid actions in electoral political processes are an increasingly prevalent phenomenon in the modern structure of political relations and today's electoral engineering. Regardless of the present ...controversy regarding the personification of hybrid action, the scope and effects of such activities do not necessarily have to be destructive. This stems from the fact that, thanks to hybrid actions, political changes have been achieved in some countries that have brought with them to these societies' prosperity and wealth. Although this is difficult to assess nowadays, given the enormous intertwining of different vectors of domestic and foreign policies, and beyond that interests, which is especially evident in the era in which we live, in the era of deforestation of public international law and the modern world order. The paper analyzes all the most important aspects of hybrid actions within the electoral political processes, but with efforts to, through a careful and balanced research approach, theoretically shed light on the true essence and background of hybrid action on the gender process of government - on political elections.
Political power and state institutions, primarily in the sense of inter weaving and reduction of their political power, is a research topic that has been going on for thousands of years. Many have ...studied the intertwined corridors of these political phenomena, but they have never been able to fully explore this topic. In this paper, their causal relationship is analyzed, with a special emphasis on the tendency of political power and state institutions to become alienated, in which these "servants of the people" are transferred over time to lords, which is why this paper starts from the position that political power wants to subordinate state institutions. The scientific importance is primarily contained in the effort to further enrich the scientific fund in the field of political theory and the state. The aim of the research is much more ambitious and is contained primarily in the intention to point out all the positive and negative repercussions that arise from the complex relations between the political power and state institutions, with the intention of pointing out these social anomalies and to increase the degree of democratization, but also functionality of society as a whole
The CSTO operation in Kazakhstan during 2022 hadn't only a character of building peace mission, but also has the purpose to prevent violent political coup in the form of color revolution in this, for ...Russian interest strategic important post-Soviet republic. Beside that, this CSTO operation had essential and crucial importance for the preservation of Kazakhstan constitutional order, and also prevented the constitution of a new geopolitical framework and order in the extremely challenging region of Central Asia. Through the research work on the analysis of this operation, interesting data on the refractions of various factors of the foreign policies of Russia, China, the United States and Turkey through Kazakhstan were obtained. Also, article reveals the cause and effect relationship between the complex political and security events in Kazakhstan, primarily through the prism of radical Islamist factor which played an active role in Kazakstanian scenario, particularly if we have in mind withdrawal of the American contingent from Afghanistan. American focus since than has been placed in Eurasian circle, bearing in mind strengthening project of created by Russia, known as Eurasian security and economic integrations.
This paper analyzes the war in Nagorno-Karabakh between Armenia and Azerbaijan in 2020, called the Second War and won by Azerbaijan. In addition to the military analysis, research was also carried ...out on the topic of political, economic and security circumstances that preceded the outbreak of armed conflict, with special emphasis on the role of key foreign policy actors, primarily Russia, Turkey and Iran. Special attention was paid to foreign policy position of the United States on the said conflict. The analysis of the peace agreement, as well as all political and military-security implications that arose from that agreement and that could reflect on the further stability and preservation of peace in the Nagorno-Karabakh region was conducted. The research results indicate that regardless the signed peace agreement and cessation of armed conflicts between the Armenian and Azerbaijani armed forces, Nagorno-Karabakh still remains an area of high conflict potential, and in the future renewed armed conflicts can certainly be expected, at the beginning they could have limited potential, but certainly with a tendency to grow into a new war.
The key characteristic of international relations is their anarchy and in modern conditions this is manifested by the continuous performance of psychological-propaganda operations (PsyOp) by some ...actors against others. PsyOp represent the first stage in the preparation and implementation of a hybrid war, but they can also be an end in themselves. Over time, they have become an indispensable means of ensuring national security. National security is ensured by eliminating or relativizing the conflicting interests of rivals (enemies) against whom PsyOp are directed. A new moment in the application of this concept is the development and (mis) use of artificial intelligence (AI). The capacities of artificial intelligence for designing and implementing PsyOp far exceed human potential. It can introduce international relations into a stage of constant and permanent conflicts by carrying out continuous psychological-propaganda operations and starting hybrid wars that will never end. Another danger lies in the claim of the creators of AI that the AI has its own logic, and because of this, in the future, it will depend less and less on given inputs. In an anarchic environment, AI can independently induce and generate wars by conducting unpredictable PsyOp. The author's conclusion is that the combination of traditional anarchy and new technology worsens the national security of states, but indirectly also global security, and therefore it is necessary to think about different ways of limiting the use of AI in international relations.
Drawing upon documents, memoirs, testimonies, and scholarly literature, this study elucidates the dynamics underlying the October 5th alterations in 2000 within the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia and ...the Republic of Serbia. „The Fifth October“ refers to a sudden shift in political authority driven by compounded socio-political, economic, and societal tensions, alongside external influences. These multifaceted political and security upheavals, culminating on October 5, 2000, exhibited characteristics akin to a „colored revolution“, signifying a change in power dynamics without altering the prevailing political structure or formal power mechanisms. While temporal detachment affords a more impartial inquiry, the analysis contends with entrenched political narratives, oscillating between glorification and complete denial of the significance of October 5th.
Psychological and propaganda operations are inseparable part of hybrid warfare. The rapid complication of overall relations in the international community, especially since the beginning of 2022, has ...led to tectonic upheavals in the world order, which have caused numerous changes in front of our eyes. The world is changing today, perhaps faster than ever. In such complex political and security, economic and social circumstances, models of hybrid warfare gained additional importance and in a certain way, conditionally speaking, became an inseparable part of the foreign policy of the leading powers. In addition, hybrid actions of a psychological and propaganda nature have become an inseparable part of international relations. This paper first analyses the conceptual definition of the terms hybrid war, psychological and propaganda operations, and then explains the cause-and-effect relationships and examines their consequences on the offensive and defensive actors of international relations. Among the conclusions is the assertion that defensive actors may be completely unaware that a hybrid war is actually being waged against them by undertaking psychological and propaganda operations.
