Coronavirus Infections—More Than Just the Common Cold Paules, Catharine I; Marston, Hilary D; Fauci, Anthony S
JAMA : the journal of the American Medical Association,
02/2020, Volume:
323, Issue:
8
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
The emergence of the pathogenic human coronaviruses SARS-Cov and MERS-CoV is described to stimulate conversation on public health strategies necessary to contain the threat of 2019-nCoV. The ...trajectory of the outbreak is impossible to predict. Those strategies will be the standpoint from which effective countermeasures will be developed and implemented in a timely manner.
The temporal evolution of SARS-CoV-2 vaccine efficacy and effectiveness (VE) against infection, symptomatic, and severe COVID-19 is incompletely defined. The temporal evolution of VE could be ...dependent on age, vaccine types, variants of the virus, and geographic region. We aimed to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis of the duration of VE against SARS-CoV-2 infection, symptomatic COVID-19 and severe COVID-19.
MEDLINE, Scopus, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, the World Health Organization Global Literature on Coronavirus Disease, and CoronaCentral databases were searched and studies were selected. Independent reviewers selected randomized controlled trials and cohort studies with the outcome of interest. Independent reviewers extracted data, and assessed the risk of bias. Meta-analysis was performed with the DerSimonian-Laird random-effects model with Hartung-Knapp-Sidik-Jonkman variance correction. The GRADE (Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation) approach was used to assess certainty (quality) of the evidence. Primary outcomes included VE as a function of time against SARS-CoV-2 infection, symptomatic and severe COVID-19.
Eighteen studies were included representing nearly 7 million individuals. VE against all SARS-CoV-2 infections declined from 83% in the first month after completion of the original vaccination series to 22% at 5 months or longer. Similarly, VE against symptomatic COVID-19 declined from 94% in the first month after vaccination to 64% by the fourth month. VE against severe COVID-19 for all ages was high overall, with the level being 90% (95% CI, 87-92%) at five months or longer after being fully vaccinated. VE against severe COVID-19 was lower in individuals ≥ 65 years and those who received Ad26.COV2.S.
VE against SARS-CoV-2 infection and symptomatic COVID-19 waned over time but protection remained high against severe COVID-19. These data can be used to inform public health decisions around the need for booster vaccination.
As we prepare for a potentially severe influenza season, we must consider whether our current vaccines can be improved and whether longer-term, transformative vaccine approaches are needed to ...minimize influenza-related morbidity and mortality.
The Pathway to a Universal Influenza Vaccine Paules, Catharine I.; Marston, Hilary D.; Eisinger, Robert W. ...
Immunity,
10/2017, Volume:
47, Issue:
4
Journal Article, Conference Proceeding
Peer reviewed
Open access
Development of a universal influenza vaccine is a research priority for the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) at the National Institutes of Health. To facilitate this ...goal, we convened a workshop in Rockville, Maryland to identify knowledge gaps in influenza research and develop strategies to fill them.
Development of a universal influenza vaccine is a research priority for the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) at the National Institutes of Health. To facilitate this goal, we convened a workshop in Rockville, Maryland to identify knowledge gaps in influenza research and develop strategies to fill them.
The burden of tickborne diseases is growing substantially and seems likely to continue to do so. Prevention and management are hampered by suboptimal diagnostics, lack of treatment options for ...emerging viruses, and a paucity of vaccines.
Measles in 2019 — Going Backward Paules, Catharine I; Marston, Hilary D; Fauci, Anthony S
The New England journal of medicine,
06/2019, Volume:
380, Issue:
23
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
Recent increases in measles cases in the United States mirror patterns in other countries that had previously eliminated the virus. This resurgence is all the more frustrating since the disease is ...entirely preventable through vaccination.
Sylvatic transmission cycles of yellow fever continue to occur in endemic tropical regions. If the outbreak in Brazil leads to urban spread, U.S. clinicians should adopt a high index of suspicion for ...the disease, particularly in travelers returning from affected areas.
Four arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) have recently emerged or reemerged in the Americas, spreading rapidly through populations that had not previously been exposed to them and causing substantial morbidity and mortality.
1
The first was dengue, which reemerged to cause widespread disease predominantly in South America and the Caribbean in the 1990s. This epidemic was followed by West Nile virus in 1999, which has since become endemic in the continental United States, and chikungunya in 2013, which continues to cause disease, predominantly in the Caribbean and South America. Most recently, Zika virus emerged in Brazil in 2015 and spread through infected travelers . . .
Research advances could facilitate use of monoclonal antibodies for emerging infectious diseases — in treatment of infected individuals, targeted prophylaxis to protect high-risk individuals, and ...targeted prophylaxis to interrupt transmission in average-risk populations.
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