Transgenic crops are increasingly promoted for their practical effects on suppressing certain insect pests, but all transgenic crops are not equally successful. The insect pests can easily develop ...resistance against single Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) toxin transgenic crops. Therefore, transgenic crops including two or more mixed Bt‐toxins can solve this problem by delaying the resistance development and killing the majority of targeted pests before the evolution of resistance. It is important to test the controlling effects of transgenic crops including multiple mixed toxins on a particular insect pest. Previous research has checked the cross‐resistance and interactions between Bt toxins Cry1Ac and Cry2Ab against one susceptible and four resistant strains of cotton bollworm. The results showed that independence was the main interaction type between two toxins for the susceptible strain, whereas synergism was the main interaction type for any one resistant strain. However, the optimal combinations of two toxins were not obtained. In the present study, we developed two multi‐exponential equations (namely bi‐ and tri‐exponential equations) to describe the combination effects of two Bt toxins. Importantly, the equations can provide predictions of combination effects of different continuous concentrations of two toxins. We compared these two multi‐exponential equations with the generalized linear model (GLM) in describing the combination effects, and found that the bi‐ and tri‐exponential equations are better than GLM. Moreover, the bi‐exponential equation can also provide the optimal dose combinations for two toxins.
To investigate the application and effects of external fixator under the guidance of damage control therapy in limb open fracture.
From May 2008 to January 2013,72 cases with severe limb open ...fractures (Unincor- porated shock) were divided into control group and observation group (36 cases in each group). In observation group, 36 patients (including 22 males and 14 females) were treated by external fixator at stage I, as soon as possible after waiting for patients physiology conditions being stable,the stage II fracture operation was performed. In control group, 36 patients (24 males and 12 females) were treated by the first stage open reduction. The hospital admission time, open fracture severity score (OFSS),operation duration,operative blood loss,X-ray expose times, callus appear time, fracture healing time, postoperative infection rate, complications and Johner-Wruhs accceccment were recorded and evaluated.
All patients were followed up for 8 to 12 months (10.4 in averaged). The mean operation duration, o
Content of osteocyte in bone tissue is the most abundant, the most widely distributed, and embedding the cells in the mineralized bone matrix, the life can be close to the life of the body. Osteocyte ...formed by the cytoplasm dendritic communication network system between osteocyte and bone surface, is of great significance to maintaining the normal physiological function of bone tissue. Bone cells as the direct receptor of bone mechanical stress, through the release of bioactive factors such as PEG2, NO, ATP and classic Wnt/beta-catenin signaling pathway mechanical stress signal can be converted to bone formation and bone resorption of biochemical signals, and the biochemical signals were transfer to the other type cells of the tissue to regulate its function activities and cause bone reconstruction function. The microcracks surrounding osteocyte can disrupt the microtubule network system,cause surrounding osteocyte autophagy. In addition, osteocyte is very important for regulation of the body mineral balance,
A non-aqueous suspension polycondensation method was proposed to proceed the reaction of
p
-phenylenediamine and terephthaloyl chloride for the preparation of poly(
p
-phenylene terephthalamide) ...(PPTA). The system was operated with NMP-CaCl
2
solution as the dispersed phase and inert liquid paraffin as the continuous phase. Each of NMP-CaCl
2
solution microdroplet suspended in paraffin served as a microreactor where the polycondensation took place. According to the results of TGA, XRD, IR, SEM and EA, PPTA with good quality was obtained through this novel method, and a number of main factors influencing this process were investigated to determine the optimum condition for the preparation of PPTA. Besides, this two-phase polycondensation system brings many unique advantages compared to the conventional solution polycondensation method, including a sealed reaction environment keeping the reactants away from oxygen and water, easy removal of HCl to promote the reaction, well-controlled temperature and low viscosity which means less energy cost.
Because of their resolvable crystal structure, organic conjugated small molecules are intrinsically ideal for elucidating the relationship between microstructures and charge transport properties. It ...has been reported that the charge transport properties depend on molecular structure and molecular packing. In the solid state, π–π stacking of small molecules is significant in the charge transport process. Since π–π stacking of conjugated small molecules is influenced at different degrees by other intra- and intermolecular interactions, as a result, π–π stacking and further the charge transport properties can be controlled or tuned by crystal engineering through precise chemical modification. In this perspective, we give some typical examples illustrating the strategy of controlling π–π stacking in single crystals. Furthermore, we attempt to clarify the complex relationship between π–π stacking and other types of molecular interactions, and its influence on charge transport properties.
In this study, carboxymethyl peanut shell (CPS) was prepared, and then peanut shell-based porous material (PPS) was obtained by the complexation reaction of CPS with Cu2+. The carboxymethyl content ...of CPS increased gradually with the increase of the amounts of monochloroacetic acid and sodium hydroxide, and the Cu2+ loading amount of PPS increased gradually with the increase of carboxymethyl content. The scanning electron microscope results showed that PPS-1, PPS-2, PPS-3 (PPS-1~3) had many nanoscale pores. The nitrogen adsorption-desorption results suggested that PPS-1~3 were all mesoporous materials with an average pore diameter of about 10 nm, while their Brunauer-Emmet-Teller surface area and pore volume of PPS-1 to PPS-3 increased gradually. Compared with the control cigarette, the release of HCN in cigarette mainstream smoke could be effectively reduced with the use of PPS-1~3, the reduction rate of HCN per total particulate matter were 54.9%, 63.1% and 67.0%, respectively.
p‐ or n‐Dopants have played significant roles in the improvement of organic electronic devices through the controllable doping of organic semiconductors. However, there has been little study of ...air‐stable n‐dopants under ambient conditions with strong doping capability due to the low electron affinities of organic semiconductors. Herein, a 1,4‐dihydropyridine‐based derivative is designed and facilely synthesized as an efficient n‐dopant. The doping process is systematically investigated by UV–vis–NIR spectroscopy in solution and ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy in the solid state. Excellent conductivities are obtained for a variety of doped n‐type semiconductors via a simple solution process without further treatment, suggesting a broad class of 1,4‐dihydropyridine derivatives could be used as n‐dopants in future organic electronic devices.
A novel organic n‐dopant, DPDHP, is developed and electrical conductivity measurements demonstrate effective doping with a variety of n‐type semiconductors via a simple solution process. This is the first example of the application of 1,4‐dihydropyridine‐based compounds as solution‐processed n‐dopants.
Currently, most popular Web search engines adopt some link-based ranking methods such as PageRank. Driven by the huge potential benefit of improving rankings of Web pages, many tricks have been ...attempted to boost page rankings. The most common way, which is known as link spam, is to make up some artificially designed link structures. Detecting link spam effectively is a big challenge. In this article, we develop novel and effective detection methods for link spam target pages using page farms. The essential idea is intuitive: whether a page is the beneficiary of link spam is reflected by how it collects its PageRank score. Technically, how a target page collects its PageRank score is modeled by a page farm, which consists of pages contributing a major portion of the PageRank score of the target page. We propose two spamicity measures based on page farms. They can be used as an effective measure to check whether the pages are link spam target pages. An empirical study using a newly available real dataset strongly suggests that our method is effective. It outperforms the state-of-the-art methods like SpamRank and SpamMass in both precision and recall.
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