•Intakes of micronutrients in 12-wk KD in obese adults were less than reference ranges.•Serum mineral levels remained within reference ranges throughout the intervention.•Serum calcium level ...decreased and was negatively associated with ω-6 intake.•Total antioxidative potential of serum was unchanged during the diet.
A 12-wk ketogenic diet was found to have many beneficial effects in healthy obese adults, but it is not clear if the supply of micronutrients is adequate.
In 35 adult individuals with body mass index >30, the intakes of minerals and their serum levels were analyzed at baseline and at weeks 4 and 12 of the ketogenic diet intervention. The intake of vitamins and serum antioxidative potential were also investigated.
Throughout the diet the intakes of magnesium, calcium, iron, phosphorus, and potassium were less than recommended values, but serum levels always remained within the reference range. Nevertheless, the level of calcium decreased significantly (from 2.52 ± 0.10 mmol/L at baseline to 2.36 ± 0.07 mmol/L at week 12, P < 0.001), which could be due to the omission of legumes and reduced dairy intake or because of the high fat intake alone. The levels of phosphate increased concomitantly. Calcium serum levels were negatively associated with ω-6 but not with ω-3 unsaturated fatty acid intake. The intakes of water-soluble vitamins were also too low. However, the antioxidative potential of serum did not change during intervention.
Careful choice of foods that will provide the necessary micronutrients is of utmost importance when consuming ketogenic diet. In the 12 wk study the decreased intakes were not reflected in serum values, but special attention to calcium should be advised if such diet is recommended for longer periods.
The Mediterranean diet (MD) is considered a model for good health, and is promoted worldwide as one of the healthiest dietary patterns. Despite the MD's health benefits, the literature suggests that ...adherence to the MD tends to be in decline in most populations worldwide, including those in the Mediterranean region. The aim of this study was to investigate adherence to the MD, and its main sociodemographic and lifestyle factors, in the Slovenian population. Using a nationwide cross-sectional food consumption survey (SI.Menu), data were collected from a general questionnaire, from the 14-item MD adherence screener (14-MEDAS score), and from a questionnaire on the dietary habits of 850 adults and elderly people. The mean MEDAS score for the total study sample was 5.6 (SD 2.1), indicating a low adherence to the MD among the Slovenian population. The adherence to the MD was higher among women (OR = 1.534; 95% Cl 1.156-2.034), those with a university degree (OR = 1.527; 1.098-2.125; compared to those with no university degree), those who lived in a suburb or city (OR = 1.511; 1.016-2.249; OR = 1.568; 1.122-2.191; compared with those who lived in a village), non-smokers (OR = 1.561; 1.380-1.830; compared with smokers), and those who lived in the western part of Slovenia (OR = 1.558; 1.170-2.074; compared with those who lived in eastern Slovenia). Adherence to the MD in the Slovenian population is low, and is strongly related to educational level, gender, geographic region, place of residence, and smoking status. The frequency of the consumption of different food groups is also closely related.
The aim of the study is to show the differences between the measured and estimated values of resting energy expenditure and any changes occurring after the 6-month weight loss intervention program.
...We included 33 healthy adults aged 25-49 years with an average body mass index 29.1±2.7 kg/m 2 for female and 29.8±2.8 kg/m
for male. The measured resting energy expenditure was obtained by indirect calorimeter MedGem® Microlife and estimated resting energy expenditure by the Harris-Benedict equation, the Mifflin-St Jeor equation, the Owen equation, the Wright equation, and by the Tanita body composition analyser. All measurements and calculations were carried out before and after the 6-month intervention. Results were compared using paired t-tests. P value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
A comparison of the measured resting energy expenditure of female subjects with the estimated resting energy expenditure using the Harris-Benedict equation, the Mifflin-St Jeor equation and the Wright equation showed a statistically significant difference. A comparison of the measured resting energy expenditure of male subjects with the estimated resting energy expenditure using the Harris-Benedict equation and the Wright equation showed a statistically significant difference. There was a significant difference in the measured resting energy expenditure and estimated resting energy expenditure using Tanita.
We concluded that the most comparable equation for our sample was the Owen's equation. After losing weight, the measured resting energy expenditure has decreased, which must be taken into account in further diet therapy.
Uvod: Eden od dejavnikov kakovosti življenja starejših v socialnovarstvenem zavodu je prehrana. Namen raziskave je bil proučiti prehransko stanje in ponuditi predloge za izboljšanje prehrane ...starejših v socialnovarstvenem zavodu. Metode: V raziskavi je bila uporabljena kvantitativna opisna metoda raziskovanja. Analizirani so bili dnevni jedilniki v socialnovarstvenem zavodu in na vzorcu starejših (n = 48) izvedena analizo dejanskega vnosa hranil in prehranskega statusa. Prehransko stanje je bilo ugotovljeno na podlagi indeksa telesne mase in vprašalnika Mini prehranski pregled. Vključeni v raziskavo so imeli prehrano, pri kateri dietne prilagoditve niso bile potrebne. Rezultati: Povprečna energijska vrednost ponujenih jedilnikov je znašala 8457 kJ (2021 kcal) na dan, 17 hranil je odstopalo od priporočil. Moški (M) in ženske (Ž) se statistično pomembno razlikujejo v deležu ostanka maščob (μM = 16 %, μŽ = 24 %; p = 0,036), holesterola (μM = 15 %, μŽ = 26 %; p = 0,035), vitamina D (μM = 15 %, μŽ = 27 %; p = 0,017) in vitamina B12 (μM = 17 %, μŽ = 25 %; p = 0,016). Indeks telesne mase je pokazal, da nihče od starejših, ki so bili vključeni v raziskavo, ni bil podhranjen ali v kategoriji debelost III. stopnje. Diskusija in zaključek: Raziskava je potrdila potrebo po sistematičnem spremljanju kakovosti prehrane starejših v socialnovarstvenih zavodih. Da bi starejšim zagotovili ustrezno prehransko oskrbo, je potrebno sodelovanje medpoklicnega tima s starejšimi in njihovimi družinskimi člani.
Uvod: Zdravo prehranjevanje, telesna aktivnost in spanje so pomembne določilnice življenjskega sloga mladostnikov. Namen raziskave je bil preučiti povezave prehranskih vzorcev mladostnikov z njihovim ...življenjskim slogom, analizirati razlike glede na spol in regijo bivanja ter ugotoviti povezave med posameznimi vzorci življenjskega sloga.Metode: Raziskava je bila opravljena spomladi 2019 na populaciji dijakov 3. letnikov (n = 1563) naključno izbranih srednjih šol v Sloveniji. Njihova povprečna starost je bila 18 let. Za namen raziskave je bil uporabljen anonimni anketni vprašalnik, izdelan v spletnem orodju 1KA, ki je vseboval 30 vprašanj. S programom SPSS je bila izvedena opisna in inferenčna statistika. Za testiranje statistično značilnih razlik smo uporabili t-test, statistično značilno povezanost smo preverjali s pomočjo statistike χ2 ter s Spearmanovim korelacijskim koeficientom.Rezultati: Raziskava je pokazala, da je primanjkljaj vnosa zelenjave, stročnic in rib glede na priporočila večji kot pri vnosu sadja; poleg tega je večji v vzhodni regiji. Med regijama smo ugotovili razlike v stanju hranjenosti, ki so statistično značilne (U = 275,597, p = 0,003). Dokazali smo pozitivno povezavo med pogostostjo zajtrkovanja med tednom in količino spanja (rs = 0,177, p = 0,001) ter negativno povezavo med sedentarnim vedenjem in redno telesno aktivnostjo mladostnikov v prostem času (rs = –0,113, p = 0,001). Diskusija in zaključek: Prehranske navade anketiranih mladostnikov niso skladne s priporočili. Prav tako mladostniki ne dosegajo priporočil za telesno aktivnost. Prihodnje raziskave bi se morale bolj osredotočiti na starejše mladostnike (18–24 let) ter na povezanost posameznih dejavnikov življenjskega sloga.
Introduction: Healthy eating, physical activity and sleep are important determinants of the lifestyle of adolescents. The aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between adolescents' ...dietary patterns and their lifestyle, as well as to analyse the differences by gender and region of residence, and to establish associations between individual lifestyle patterns. Methods: The study was conducted in the spring of 2019 on a group of third-year students (n = 1,563) from randomly selected secondary schools in Slovenia. The average age of the participants was 18 years. Data were collected using an anonymous questionnaire created with the 1KA online tool, comprising 30 questions. Descriptive and inferential statistics were calculated using SPSS software. The t-test was used to determine statistically significant differences, while χ2 statistic and Spearman's correlation coefficient were used to determine statistically significant associations. Results: The study revealed a large deficit in the intake of vegetables, legumes and fish compared to the intake of fruit, as per recommendations, particularly in Eastern Slovenia. Statistically significant differences in nutritional status were identified between the two cohesion regions (U = 275.597, p = 0.003). A positive correlation was observed between the frequency of breakfast consumption during the week and the amount of sleep (rs = 0.177, p = 0.001), while a negative correlation was established between sedentary behaviour and regular physical activity among adolescents during their free time (rs = ?0.113, p = 0.001). Discussion and conclusion: The dietary habits of the adolescents participating in the study were not in line with the recommendations. Physical activity guidelines were also not followed by the adolescents. Future research should focus more on older adolescents (18 to 24 years) and examine the relationship between individual lifestyle factors.
The purpose of the research was to evaluate the offer of seashell specialties in Slovene Istria restaurants, and to assess food safety knowledge (gained through formal and informal education) as well ...as to assess the behaviour of food handlers in preparing shell dishes. A self-administered questionnaire was designed that included four sections: a demographic section, a general section, a restaurant menu offer, and a food safety section related to preparation of seashell specialties. Seashell specialties were offered in 41 restaurants, of which the employed food handlers 24 attended formal education and 17 informal education. Seashells specialties and seashell menus are commonly part of the culinary and gastronomic specialties along the Slovene coast, with the most frequently offered main dish being “Blue Mussels alla Busara”. Results the questionnaire indicated poor food safety knowledge and poor behaviour regardless of the (in)formal education of those who prepared the dishes. We propose that formal education for catering workers preparing shell dishes should be much more emphasized.
The ketogenic diet (KD) is being increasingly promoted as a strategy to fight obesity. Although the KD is effective for weight loss and weight control, comprehensive determination of its relationship ...with biochemical, physiological and psychological changes is still largely unexplored. We hypothesized that a 12-week KD (12KD) would significantly affect body weight, physical performance, cognitive function, eating behaviors, the metabolic and hormonal profile in obese adults, although differently in men and women. In an uncontrolled intervention, 35 sedentary obese adults (13 men, 25 women), aged 37 ± 7 years with a BMI 36.1 ± 5.6 kg/m2 underwent a 12KD between March 2017 and June 2017 at the University of Primorska. The 12KD resulted in decreased appetite, significant weight loss of participants (−18 ± 9 kg men vs. -11 ± 3 kg women; P < .001), decreased emotional and external eating (P < .001 for both), increased body image satisfaction (P < .001) and improved physical performance (P < .001). Biochemically, a significant drop in glucose (P = .026), and a significant increase in LDL-cholesterol (P = .031), CRP (P = .007), and BDNF (P = .035) were observed in the first 2 weeks; then, all listed parameters returned to baseline. On the other hand, a significant reduction in insulin (P < .001) and leptin levels (P < .001), and a significant increase in adiponectin (P = .008) and NPY (P = .009) were detected throughout the duration of the 12KD. Our results show the efficacy of the 12KD on weight loss, physical performance, cognitive function, eating behaviors and metabolic profile. However, the long-term effects of a KD on these outcomes needs to be further studied before general recommendations can be made.
Uvod: Zdrava prehrana in telesna aktivnost sta neločljivo povezani določilnici zdravja mladostnikov. Namen raziskave je bil (1) ovrednotiti prehranski status ter prehranjevalne navade dijakov 3. ...letnikov srednješolskega izobraževanja v primorsko-notranjski regiji in (2) preučiti navade njihove telesne aktivnosti ter (3) raziskati povezavo med njihovimi indeksi telesne mase (kg/m2) in prehranskimi navadami.
Metode: Raziskava je bila opravljena spomladi 2015 na vzorcu dijakov 3. letnikov (n = 166) v primorskonotranjski regiji. Njihova povprečna starost je bila 18,2 let. Uporabljen je bil anonimni spletni vprašalnik 1KA s 44 vprašanji. S programom SPSS verzija 22 je bila izvedena opisna in inferenčna statistika.
Rezultati: Dijaki ne uživajo sadja in zelenjave vsak dan (74 % fantov in 63 % deklet), pri čemer je primanjkljaj skupnega vnosa zelenjave (fantje: 151,3 g, dekleta: 166,7 g) in stročnic (fantje: 138,2 g, dekleta: 141,8 g) večji, kot je pri vnosu sadja (fantje: 172,4 g, dekleta: 170,9 g). Tudi uživanje rib je glede na priporočila premajhno, priporočene količine dosega le 5,4 % deklet in 4,5 %. Dijaki tudi niso dovolj telesno aktivni.
Diskusija in zaključek: Kljub številnim ukrepom prehranske politike je med dijaki še vedno premajhen vnos sadja in zelenjave. Šolski obroki bi morali pogosteje vsebovati zelenjavo, stročnice in ribe. Za spodbujanje telesne aktivnosti bi morali mladim šport približati kot vrednoto, dostopno vsem mladostnikom.
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