The writings of teacher and ethnographer Pavlina Bogdan Bijelić provides a rare opportunity to gain insight into women’s professional advancements in Dubrovnik at the end of the 19th and the ...beginning of the 20th century from the perspective of ego-documents, using the case study method. Bogdan Bijelić’s personal attitudes and professional choices were analyzed in the context of accelerated social, economic and political circumstances. The focus is on three aspects of Bogdan Bijelić’s public activity: professional positioning in the cultural milieu of Dalmatia and Croatia, the interaction between politics and women (including her), and Bogdan Bijelić’s participation in the discourse on the “woman question.”
The provincial government in Zadar managed public health in Dalmatia until the 1860s under the strict control of the central government in Vienna. In the period from 1814 to 1918, the Dalmatian ...Government enacted a series of regulations and guidelines for governance during various epidemics. These were publicly proclaimed announcements, instructions, and recommendations, some of which were mandatory, and some were in the form of a recommendation. As Dalmatian healthcare was influenced by the concept of medical police, a wide network of public officials was established to monitor the outbreak and course of epidemics, and government announcements were targeted at various social and professional groups, such as the population, clergy, local government, doctors, and sanitary officers. With social and political changes, i.e., the end of absolutism in the Monarchy and the secularization of society, the government's discourse on epidemics changed, but the obligation to adhere to anti-epidemic measures remained in force. Furthermore, anti-epidemic measures corresponded to the dominant etiological theories and medical knowledge.
Based on numerous archival sources, newspapers, and medical records, this paper discusses and analyses cholera epidemics in Dalmatia in the mid-19th century. The level of knowledge about the disease ...and the anti-epidemic measures has been considered, especially their effectiveness and topicality in view of the existing and growing discussions about the aetiology of diseases. In the second part of the paper, the cholera epidemic in Zadar in 1849 has been analysed as a case study. Records of cholera in the registers of deaths in Zadar allow us to estimate the number and age, gender, and social structure of deaths. The epidemic lasted three months and took 62 lives. It affected both men and women, and all age groups, especially the fertile one. Given the aetiology of the disease, the most endangered and most severely affected by the epidemic were the individuals of lower social and financial status, whose living and business conditions favoured a faster, stronger, and more intensive development of the disease.
Anti-epidemic measures against cholera for Dalmatia were issued in Zadar following the recommendations of the relevant ministry in Vienna. The enforcement of these measures required the mobilization ...of the local authorities, medical and sanitary staff, pastors and civilians. Official instructions reflected the work of the medical police, a public health concept introduced to Dalmatia by the Austrian government. In addition to regulations governing behaviour during cholera epidemics, the government’s instructions included preventive and therapeutic advice that mirrored local customs and the specific aspects of everyday life in Dalmatia. Preventive advice focused on diet and the public’s lifestyle, while therapeutic advice adhered to basic medical standards that relied on the principles of humoral medicine for most of the 19th century. Medical experts warned that intense emotions weaken the body’s natural defences, and fear was deemed particularly harmful. The universal advice for overcoming fear was piety and a peaceful surrender to a higher power. The management of epidemics was also influenced by political circumstances. The collapse of absolutism and decentralization were reflected in official anti-epidemic instructions as of the 1860s. However, demands for their strict enforcement did not diminish. Moreover, knowledge about cholera was greatly influenced by the development of bacteriology and the identification of the causes of this disease. Still, experience-based preventive and lifestyle advice remained virtually unaltered. On the other hand, thanks to the development of chemistry, disinfection methods were significantly modified and improved. Due to growing confidence in scientific research and the secularization of state institutions in the last two decades of the 19th century, the government ceased giving spiritual advice.
Podaci o društvenom statusu djevojaka ili njihovom zanimanju upisani u matične knjige pri njihovoj udaji kvantificirani su i analizirani kako bi se utvrdili i procijenili određeni trendovi na ženskom ...tržištu rada i u društvenim strukturama Dubrovnika u 19. i početkom 20. stoljeća. Rezultati su pokazali da je većina djevojaka pri udaji bila zaposlena u tradicionalno “ženskim” zanimanjima, a određeni su sektori tijekom promatranog razdoblja pokazali trendove rasta odnosno pada.
The provincial government in Zadar managed public health in Dalmatia until the 1860s under the strict control of the central government in Vienna. In the period from 1814 to 1918, the Dalmatian ...Government enacted a series of regulations and guidelines for governance during various epidemics. These were publicly proclaimed announcements, instructions, and recommendations, some of which were mandatory, and some were in the form of a recommendation. As Dalmatian healthcare was influenced by the concept of medical police, a wide network of public officials was established to monitor the outbreak and course of epidemics, and government announcements were targeted at various social and professional groups, such as the population, clergy, local government, doctors, and sanitary officers. With social and political changes, i.e., the end of absolutism in the Monarchy and the secularization of society, the government’s discourse on epidemics changed, but the obligation to adhere to anti-epidemic measures remained in force. Furthermore, anti-epidemic measures corresponded to the dominant etiological theories and medical knowledge.
U
radu se na temelju brojnih arhivskih izvora, novina te liječničkih zapisa
promatraju i analiziraju epidemije kolere u Dalmaciji sredinom 19. stoljeća.
Razmatra se razina saznanja o bolesti i ...protuepidemijske mjere, napose njihova
učinkovitost te aktualnost s obzirom na postojeće i rastuće rasprave o
etiologiji bolesti. U drugom dijelu rada kao primjer slučaja analizirana je
epidemija kolere u Zadru 1849. godine. Na temelju zapisa o koleri u matičnim
knjigama umrlih u Zadru prikazuje se broj, dobna, spolna i društvena struktura
umrlih
Based on numerous archival sources,
newspapers, and medical records, this paper discusses and analyses cholera
epidemics in Dalmatia in the mid-19th century. The level of knowledge about the
disease and the anti-epidemic measures has been considered, especially their
effectiveness and topicality in view of the existing and growing discussions
about the aetiology of diseases. In the second part of the paper, the cholera
epidemic in Zadar in 1849 has been analysed as a case study. Records of cholera
in the registers of deaths in Zadar allow us to estimate the number and age,
gender, and social structure of deaths. The epidemic lasted three months and
took 62 lives. It affected both men and women, and all age groups, especially
the fertile one. Given the aetiology of the disease, the most endangered and
most severely affected by the epidemic were the individuals of lower social and
financial status, whose living and business conditions favoured a faster,
stronger, and more intensive development of the disease.
U radu se razmatra utjecaj običaja oko dojenja i modernizacije javnog zdravstva na dojenačku smrtnost u Dubrovniku uspoređivanjem podataka o smrtnosti iz 1870-1879. s onima iz 1900-1909. godine. ...Najvažnija promjena koju je donijela austrijska administracija u dobro razvijen dubrovački sustav medicinske i socijalne skrbi iz vremena Dubrovačke Republike bila je obaveza školovanja i licenciranja primalja. Krajem 19. stoljeća porastao je broj licenciranih primalja i pismenih žena, a medicinski stručnjaci su u popularno-stručnoj literaturi namijenjenoj mladim majkama snažno zagovarali dojenje. Dodir školovanih primalja s majkama i liječnička popularizacija dojenja utjecali su na pozitivne promjene u kretanju dojenačke smrtnosti početkom 20. stoljeća na dubrovačkom području.
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