The aerosol mass spectrometer (AMS), combined with statistical methods such
as positive matrix factorization (PMF), has greatly advanced the
quantification of primary organic aerosol (POA) sources ...and total secondary
organic aerosol (SOA) mass. However, the use of thermal vaporization and
electron ionization yields extensive thermal decomposition and
ionization-induced fragmentation, which limit chemical information needed
for SOA source apportionment. The recently developed extractive electrospray
ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometer (EESI-TOF) provides mass spectra
of the organic aerosol fraction with a linear response to mass and no
thermal decomposition or ionization-induced fragmentation. However, the
costs and operational requirements of online instruments make their use
impractical for long-term or spatially dense monitoring applications. This
challenge was overcome for AMS measurements by measuring re-nebulized water
extracts from ambient filter samples. Here, we apply the same strategy for
EESI-TOF measurements of 1 year of 24 h filter samples collected
approximately every fourth day throughout 2013 at an urban site. The
nebulized water extracts were measured simultaneously with an AMS. The
application of positive matrix factorization (PMF) to EESI-TOF spectra
resolved seven factors, which describe water-soluble OA: less and more aged
biomass burning aerosol (LABBEESI and MABBEESI, respectively),
cigarette-smoke-related organic aerosol, primary biological organic aerosol,
biogenic secondary organic aerosol, and a summer mixed oxygenated organic
aerosol factor. Seasonal trends and relative contributions of the EESI-TOF
OA sources were compared with AMS source apportionment factors, measured
water-soluble ions, cellulose, and meteorological data. Cluster analysis was
utilized to identify key factor-specific ions based on PMF. Both LABB and
MABB contribute strongly during winter. LABB is distinguished by very high
signals from C6H10O5 (levoglucosan and isomers) and
C8H12O6, whereas MABB is characterized by a large number of
CxHyOz and CxHyOzN species of two distinct
populations: one with low H:C and high O:C and the other with high H:C and
low O:C. Two oxygenated summertime SOA sources were attributed to
terpene-derived biogenic SOA, a major summertime aerosol source in central
Europe. Furthermore, a primary biological organic aerosol factor was
identified, which was dominated by plant-derived fatty acids and correlated
with free cellulose. The cigarette-smoke-related factor contained a high
contribution of nicotine and high abundance of organic nitrate ions with low
m∕z.
The subunit vaccine SV1 (20 μg F1 + 10 μg rV270) has been identified as the optimal formulation in mice, which provided a good protection against plague in mice, guinea pigs and rabbits. To compare ...SV1 and SV2 (200 μg F1 + 100 μg rV270) with live attenuated vaccine EV76, antibody responses, protective efficacy, cytokines (IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-2, IL-4, IL-10 and IL-12) production, CD4/CD8 ratio and CD69⁺ T-cell activation marker were determined in sera of the immunized Chinese-origin rhesus macaques, Macaca mulatta. The immunized animals with SV1 or SV2 developed higher anti-rV270 IgG titre, while those immunized with EV76 elicited a negligible IgG to V antigen, indicating that subunit vaccine (SV) had an advantage over EV76 in terms of the indispensable role of anti-V antibody against Yersinia pestis. There was no significant antibody titre difference between SV1 and SV2, suggesting that the immune response may have been saturated at the dose level of SV1. There were no statistical changes for CD4/CD8 ratios, IL-4 and CD69 levels between the three-vaccine immunized groups. However, a significant higher level of IL-12 was observed in the EV76 immunized animals, indicating that EV76 had an advantage over SV in respect of cellular immunity. Complete protection was observed for the immunized animals with SV and EV76, revealing that SV has a similar protective efficacy with EV76 against 6 x 10⁶ CFU of Y. pestis challenge by subcutaneous route in Chinese-origin rhesus macaques.
Using data samples collected with the BESIII detector operating at the BEPCII storage ring, the cross section of the inclusive process e + e − → η + X , normalized by the total cross section of e + e ...− → hadrons , is measured at eight center-of-mass energy points from 2.0000 to 3.6710 GeV. These are the first measurements with momentum dependence in this energy region. Our measurement shows a significant discrepancy compared to the existing fragmentation functions. To address this discrepancy, a new QCD analysis is performed at the next-to-next-to-leading order with hadron mass corrections and higher twist effects, which can explain both the established high-energy data and our measurements reasonably well. Published by the American Physical Society 2024
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CMK, CTK, FMFMET, NUK, UL
The genetic architecture of common traits, including the number, frequency, and effect sizes of inherited variants that contribute to individual risk, has been long debated. Genome-wide association ...studies have identified scores of common variants associated with type 2 diabetes, but in aggregate, these explain only a fraction of the heritability of this disease. Here, to test the hypothesis that lower-frequency variants explain much of the remainder, the GoT2D and T2D-GENES consortia performed whole-genome sequencing in 2,657 European individuals with and without diabetes, and exome sequencing in 12,940 individuals from five ancestry groups. To increase statistical power, we expanded the sample size via genotyping and imputation in a further 111,548 subjects. Variants associated with type 2 diabetes after sequencing were overwhelmingly common and most fell within regions previously identified by genome-wide association studies. Comprehensive enumeration of sequence variation is necessary to identify functional alleles that provide important clues to disease pathophysiology, but large-scale sequencing does not support the idea that lower-frequency variants have a major role in predisposition to type 2 diabetes.
BACKGROUND
The potential role of occupational exposures in the development of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) remains unclear, particularly in high‐incidence areas.
METHODS
The authors conducted a ...population‐based case‐control study, consisting of 2514 incident NPC cases and 2586 randomly selected population controls, in southern China from 2010 to 2014. Occupational history and other covariates were self‐reported using a questionnaire. Multivariate logistic regression was used to estimate odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the risk of NPC associated with occupational exposures. Restricted cubic splines were used to evaluate potentially nonlinear duration‐response relations.
RESULTS
Individuals who had exposure to occupational dusts (OR, 1.45; 95% CI, 1.26‐1.68), chemical vapors (OR, 1.37; 95% CI, 1.17‐1.61), exhausts/smokes (OR, 1.42; 95% CI, 1.25‐1.60), or acids/alkalis (OR, 1.56; 95% CI, 1.30‐1.89) in the workplace had an increased NPC risk compared with those who were unexposed. Risk estimates for all 4 categories of occupational exposures appeared to linearly increase with increasing duration. Within these categories, occupational exposure to 14 subtypes of agents conferred significantly higher risks of NPC, with ORs ranging from 1.30 to 2.29, including dust from metals, textiles, cement, or coal; vapor from formaldehyde, organic solvents, or dyes; exhaust or smoke from diesel, firewood, asphalt/tar, vehicles, or welding; and sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, and concentrated alkali/ammonia.
CONCLUSIONS
Occupational exposures to dusts, chemical vapors, exhausts/smokes, or acids/alkalis are associated with an excess risk of NPC. If the current results are causal, then the amelioration of workplace conditions might alleviate the burden of NPC in endemic areas.
LAY SUMMARY
The role of occupational exposures in the development of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) remains unclear, particularly in high‐incidence areas.
The authors conducted a population‐based study with 2514 incident NPC cases and 2586 population controls in southern China and observed that occupational exposures were associated with an increased risk of NPC.
Duration‐response trends were observed with increasing duration of exposure.
These findings provide new evidence supporting an etiologic role of occupational exposures for NPC in a high‐incidence region.
Occupational exposures are associated with an increased risk of nasopharyngeal carcinoma, and the association is primarily driven by 14 subtypes of occupational agents. Duration‐response trends are observed with increasing duration of exposure.
The human and mouse genomes contain instructions that specify RNAs and proteins and govern the timing, magnitude, and cellular context of their production. To better delineate these elements, phase ...III of the Encyclopedia of DNA Elements (ENCODE) Project has expanded analysis of the cell and tissue repertoires of RNA transcription, chromatin structure and modification, DNA methylation, chromatin looping, and occupancy by transcription factors and RNA-binding proteins. Here we summarize these efforts, which have produced 5,992 new experimental datasets, including systematic determinations across mouse fetal development. All data are available through the ENCODE data portal (https://www.encodeproject.org), including phase II ENCODE
and Roadmap Epigenomics
data. We have developed a registry of 926,535 human and 339,815 mouse candidate cis-regulatory elements, covering 7.9 and 3.4% of their respective genomes, by integrating selected datatypes associated with gene regulation, and constructed a web-based server (SCREEN; http://screen.encodeproject.org) to provide flexible, user-defined access to this resource. Collectively, the ENCODE data and registry provide an expansive resource for the scientific community to build a better understanding of the organization and function of the human and mouse genomes.
Evidence on the association between dietary inflammation and longevity is limited. We aimed to examine the association of a low-inflammatory diet with mortality and longevity, and to explore whether ...cardiometabolic diseases (CMDs) and lifestyle factors may play a role in this association.
Within the UK Biobank, 188,443 participants aged 39–72 years (mean 56.07) were followed for up to 16 years to detect survival status from the death registry. At baseline, dietary intake was assessed with a 24-h dietary record. An inflammatory diet index (IDI) was calculated as weighted sum of 31 food groups (including 14 anti-inflammatory and 17 pro-inflammatory) based on plasma high-sensitivity C-reactive protein levels, and tertiled as low, moderate, and high IDI scores. Baseline lifestyle beyond diet was assessed by summing the number of healthy lifestyle factors (i.e., never smoking, regular physical activity, and normal BMI) and categorized as unfavorable (≤1) and favorable (≥2). Presence of CMDs was defined as having any one of type 2 diabetes, ischemic heart disease, atrial fibrillation, heart failure, and stroke. Data were analyzed using Cox regression, Laplace regression, and generalized structural equation modelling.
During the follow-up (median 9.79 years, interquartile range: 9.68–10.57 years), 9178 (4.9%) participants died. In multi-adjusted Cox regression models, a low-inflammatory diet (i.e. low IDI score) was associated with lower risk of all-cause mortality hazard ratio (HR) = 0.82, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.78 to 0.86. Laplace regression analysis showed that the multi-adjusted 10th percentile difference (10th PD, 95% CI) of death time was delayed by 0.80 (0.55, 1.06; P < 0.001) years for participants with a low IDI score compared to those with a high IDI score. In mediation analysis, 21.48% of the association between IDI and mortality was mediated by CMDs. In joint effect analysis, participants with a low IDI score and favorable lifestyle had a 42% lower risk of death (HR = 0.58, 95% CI: 0.54, 0.62) compared to those with a high IDI score and unfavorable lifestyle. There was a significant additive interaction between low IDI score and favorable lifestyle on decreased mortality.
A low-inflammatory diet is associated with a lower risk of death and could prolong survival time. CMDs may partially mediate the IDI-mortality association. A favorable lifestyle beyond diet may augment the positive effect of a low-inflammatory diet on longevity.
Nanocomposites created with polycarboxylic acid alone as a stabilization agent for prenucleation clusters-derived amorphous calcium phosphate exhibit nonperiodic apatite deposition. In the present ...study, we report the use of inorganic polyphosphate as a biomimetic analog of matrix phosphoprotein for directing poly(acrylic acid)-stabilized amorphous nanoprecursor phases to assemble into periodic apatite-collagen nanocomposites. The sorption and desorption characteristics of sodium tripolyphosphate to type I collagen were examined. Periodic nanocomposite assembly with collagen as a template was demonstrated with TEM and SEM using a Portland cement-based resin composite and a phosphate-containing simulated body fluid. Apatite was detected within the collagen at 24 h and became more distinct at 48 h, with prenucleation clusters attaching to the collagen fibril surface during the initial infiltration stage. Apatite-collagen nanocomposites at 72 h were heavily mineralized with periodically arranged intrafibrillar apatite platelets. Defect-containing nanocomposites caused by desorption of TPP from collagen fibrils were observed in regions lacking the inorganic phase.
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