This study performed an input-output structural decomposition analysis on changes in COD, ammonia nitrogen, SO2, NOx, soot and dust, industrial solid waste, and CO2 emission multipliers for 41 final ...products over the period 2007–2012 in China. The results show that during the examined period, emission multipliers were, in general, decreasing. The main driver of this was technical effects. The effects that made a significant contribution were concentrated in eight sectors: coal mining and washing; metals mining and quarrying; food and tobacco products; paper printing manufacturing; the chemical industry; non-metallic mineral products; metal smelting and rolling processing; and electricity, heat production, and supply. Moreover, the technical effects presented an obvious spillover. Although the contribution of the structural effects was far less than the technical ones, there were still some structural adjustments that led to significant synergistic mitigation. For example, the decrease in the direct demand of the agriculture products, electricity, and heat for food and tobacco products commonly reduced SO2, NOx, and CO2. In addition, four technical effects and most of the structural effects with high efficiency made small contributions. More than one third of the structural effects that showed obvious contributions played a positive role.
•During the period of 2007–2012, emission multipliers generally decreased.•Technical progress played a major role in the change in emission multipliers.•The technical effects were concentrated and had obvious spillover.•Some structure adjustments also generated obvious reduction co-benefits.•Most structural and some technical effects with high efficiency had small contribution.
► Exempting households has weak effects on preventing expansion of urban–rural gap. ► Reducing indirect tax has much better long-term effects in protecting households. ► Increasing transfers to rural ...households helps avoid expansion of urban–rural gap.
This study aims to examine how mitigating CO
2 through a carbon tax might affect the development goals of narrowing urban–rural gap and improving people’s living standard. In this study, the China Energy and Environmental Policy Analysis (CEEPA) model, a recursive dynamic computable general equilibrium model, was employed to simulate taxing carbon in China. Different carbon tax schemes were designed and their impacts on household disposable income, household welfare, economic growth, and CO
2 emissions were compared. Results show that, given the current social security system that obviously favors urban households and the current investment-driven economic growth pattern, without complementary measures for protecting households, a carbon tax will not only widen the urban–rural gap, but also reduce the living standards of both urban and rural households. The negative impacts caused by carbon tax will enlarge over time. An ideal solution, no matter under an emission intensity goal or a total amount control goal, is to reduce indirect tax with carbon tax revenue, whilst increase the share rural households obtain in government transfers.
•The vicarious traumatization scores for front-line nurses were significantly lower than those of non-front-line nurses;•The vicarious traumatization scores for the general public were significantly ...higher than those of front-line nurses.•Strategies that aim to prevent and treat vicarious traumatization in medical staff and general public are necessary.
Since December 2019, more than 79,000 people have been diagnosed with infection of the Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). A large number of medical staff was sent to Wuhan city and Hubei province to aid COVID-19 control. Psychological stress, especially vicarious traumatization caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, should not be ignored. To address this concern, the study employed a total of 214 general public and 526 nurses (i.e., 234 front-line nurses and 292 non-front-line nurses) to evaluate vicarious traumatization scores via a mobile app-based questionnaire. Front-line nurses are engaged in the process of providing care for patients with COVID-19. The results showed that the vicarious traumatization scores for front-line nurses including scores for physiological and psychological responses, were significantly lower than those of non-front-line nurses (P < 0.001). Interestingly, the vicarious traumatization scores of the general public were significantly higher than those of the front-line nurses (P < 0.001); however, no statistical difference was observed compared to the scores of non-front-line nurses (P > 0.05). Therefore, increased attention should be paid to the psychological problems of the medical staff, especially non-front-line nurses, and general public under the situation of the spread and control of COVID-19. Early strategies that aim to prevent and treat vicarious traumatization in medical staff and general public are extremely necessary.
Rooftop distributed photovoltaics show great potential for deep decarbonisation in the residential sector. However, the intermittency and undispatchability of photovoltaic output are urgent problems ...in the large-scale deployment of rooftop distributed photovoltaics. This study develops a techno-economic evaluation framework for rooftop distributed photovoltaics by comprehensively considering and exploring the uncertain effects of electricity price mechanisms, battery energy storage, demand response for residential flexible loads, and residential electricity demand difference to increase self-consumption and the economic benefits of rooftop distributed photovoltaics. The results show that electricity price mechanisms are the main factors affecting the economic benefits of rooftop distributed photovoltaics, which are more economical under time-of-use prices than under flat prices. Installing battery energy storage and participating in demand response for residential flexible loads can significantly improve self-consumption and self-sufficiency rates, and bring more electricity bill savings and less feed-in revenue. Specifically, the relative economic benefits of installing battery energy storage and demand response were greater at lower feed-in tariffs. Moreover, the greater the ratio of annual residential electricity demand to photovoltaic power generation, the greater the self-consumption rate. Further, only when battery energy storage is installed, the smaller the ratio, the greater the self-sufficiency rate. Consequently, the energy sector can design more efficient time-of-use pricing mechanisms and adopt lower feed-in tariffs to encourage residential consumers to deploy both rooftop distributed photovoltaics and battery energy storage and to participate in demand response.
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•Proposing a techno-economic evaluation framework for residential PV.•Different scenarios are set up around electricity price and demand response.•Electricity price is the main factor affecting the economics of residential PV.•The net present value of installing both PV and battery storage is $658–$5330.•Battery storage and demand response promote residential PV integration.
Graphical abstract The mechanisms responsible for AR antagonism of BPA involve inhibiting the AR N/C interaction and enhancing the interactions of AR-SMRT and AR-NCoR. BPA may interfere with the AR ...signaling to exhibit anti-androgenic activity.
The decomposition of ammonia borane (NH
BH
) to produce hydrogen has developed a promising technology to alleviate the energy crisis. In this paper, metal and non-metal diatom-doped CoP as catalyst ...was applied to study hydrogen evolution from NH
BH
by density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Herein, five catalysts were investigated in detail: pristine CoP, Ni- and N-doped CoP (CoP
), Ga- and N-doped CoP (CoP
), Ni- and S-doped CoP (CoP
), and Zn- and S-doped CoP (CoP
). Firstly, the stable adsorption structure and adsorption energy of NH
BH
on each catalytic slab were obtained. Additionally, the charge density differences (CDD) between NH
BH
and the five different catalysts were calculated, which revealed the interaction between the NH
BH
and the catalytic slab. Then, four different reaction pathways were designed for the five catalysts to discuss the catalytic mechanism of hydrogen evolution. By calculating the activation energies of the control steps of the four reaction pathways, the optimal reaction pathways of each catalyst were found. For the five catalysts, the optimal reaction pathways and activation energies are different from each other. Compared with undoped CoP, it can be seen that CoP
, CoP
, and CoP
can better contribute hydrogen evolution from NH
BH
. Finally, the band structures and density of states of the five catalysts were obtained, which manifests that CoP
, CoP
, and CoP
have high-achieving catalytic activity and further verifies our conclusions. These results can provide theoretical references for the future study of highly active CoP catalytic materials.
Analysing the characteristics of virtual carbon flows among regions is essential for China to deploy effective regional mitigation strategies. This study established a multi-regional input–output ...model to assess the characteristics of interregional carbon flows and account for carbon emissions by different regions according to one production-based and two consumption-based accounting principles. Results indicate that interregional carbon flows grew from 136.4 MtC in 2002 to 377.8 MtC in 2007. The proportion of total national emissions represented by interregional carbon flows rose from 15.2% in 2002 to 21.1% in 2007. Therefore, different accounting principles tend to have more and more different impacts on the emission responsibility that a region is assumed to take. According to the results under different accounting principles, the Northeast and Northwest regions will need to assume much greater emission responsibilities under the production-based principle than under either of the consumption-based principles. The Eastern Coastal and Southern Coastal regions, in contrast, will need to assume much greater emission responsibilities under the two consumption-based principles. Moreover, the carbon flows from the Central and Northwest regions to the Eastern Coastal region were the greatest contributors to both the total interregional carbon flows in 2007 and the growth in interregional carbon flows from 2002 to 2007. Given this situation and considering the economic disparity among these regions, methods similar to the Joint Implementation could be considered when discussing the regions' emission responsibilities. Results also indicate that the total use direct emission principle is a more feasible and practical consumption-based choice.
•Interregional carbon flows are obvious and show an increasing trend.•Different accounting principles evidently affect regional emission responsibility.•Cooperation among regions could be adopted to reduce unfavourable economic impacts.
Incorporating co-benefits of carbon abatement policies can offset costs and inspire greater and faster reductions in emissions in many cases. Most studies on co-benefits are carried out within a ...partial equilibrium framework and ignore the general equilibrium effects. Therefore, using a computable general equilibrium model, this study incorporated the co-benefits of carbon abatement policies into the carbon marginal abatement cost curves (MACCs), and evaluated the total abatement costs and cost-saving effects for China and India to achieve their Nationally Determined Contributions (NDC) target. The results indicate that the original carbon MACCs of India in any given year are generally higher than those of China; however, after considering the air pollution-related co-benefits, the overall level of the revised MACCs in China is slightly higher than that of India from 2020 to 2030. In the composition of total co-benefits in China and India, the co-benefits of SO2 reductions account for more than 80% of national total co-benefits, followed by the co-benefits of NOx and PM2.5 reductions. Furthermore, if co-benefits are considered, whether it is China or India, the marginal abatement costs and total abatement costs to achieve NDC targets can be effectively offset; but in comparison, India has more significant cost-saving effects, while for China it will be more difficult to reduce emissions in the latter half of the process of achieving NDC targets. These findings are helpful for developing countries in coordinating and strengthening their ability to tackle climate change and environmental protection.
•A cost-benefit analysis of China's and India's NDCs considering long-ignored co-benefits.•Employ MACCs of multiple pollutants to quantify the co-benefits of carbon abatement actions.•Carbon marginal abatement cost can be compensated by the co-benefits.•This study compensated for the lack of the general equilibrium effects in bottom-up models.
•The CGE model with detailed transport and electricity modules was built.•The electricity sector with monopoly structure and pricing regulation was portrayed.•Demand-side policies to promote ...decarburization of private transport were designed.•The EVs penetration, energy and environmental effects of policies were simulated.•The socioeconomic effects of different demand-side policies were assessed.
Deploying electric vehicles (EVs) is an important strategy for addressing local pollution and greenhouse gas emissions worldwide. However, EV purchase subsidies in China are being phased down, which could result in an oversupply of EVs. Therefore, based on a computable general equilibrium model with detailed transport and electricity technologies modules, this study focuses on establishing several feasible demand-side policies for private transport electrification and decarbonisation in China and analyses their environmental and socioeconomic effects. Results show that the effects of keeping subsidies are best for EV penetration in the short-term, and those of improving consumption preference are optimal in the long run. However, both measures show relatively limited effects on carbon abatement, energy savings, and electrification. Therefore, to improve overall EV penetration, we suggest a combination of keeping subsidies in the short-term and moderately improving EV consumption preference in the long run. Moreover, to improve the carbon abatement effect of EV deployment, a subsidy for renewable electricity should be implemented to promote the cost competitiveness of low-carbon electricity, which has positive effects on carbon abatement, fossil energy savings, electrification and smaller GDP loss. Meanwhile, targeted operations planning for EVs, petroleum-fuelled vehicles, electricity and petroleum enterprises were also proposed under different macro-control policy scenarios.
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