G protein‐coupled receptors (GPCRs) are essential contributors to tumor growth and metastasis due to their roles in immune cell regulation. Therefore, GPCRs are potential targets for cancer ...immunotherapy. Here, we discuss the current understanding of the roles of GPCRs and their signaling pathways in tumor progression from an immunocellular perspective. Additionally, we focus on the roles of GPCRs in regulating immune checkpoint proteins involved in immune evasion. Finally, we review the progress of clinical trials of GPCR‐targeted drugs for cancer treatment, which may be combined with immunotherapy to improve treatment efficacy. This expanded understanding of the role of GPCRs may shed light on the mechanisms underlying tumor progression and provide a novel perspective on cancer immunotherapy.
GPCR‐related pathways regulate tumor progression by modulating the expression of immune checkpoint molecules and the functions of immune cells. GPCR antagonists may as prospective targets for cancer immunotherapy.
Analysis of opinions, known as opinion mining or sentiment analysis, has attracted a great deal of attention recently due to many practical applications and challenging research problems. In this ...article, we study two important problems, namely, opinion lexicon expansion and opinion target extraction. Opinion targets (targets, for short) are entities and their attributes on which opinions have been expressed. To perform the tasks, we found that there are several syntactic relations that link opinion words and targets. These relations can be identified using a dependency parser and then utilized to expand the initial opinion lexicon and to extract targets. This proposed method is based on bootstrapping. We call it double propagation as it propagates information between opinion words and targets. A key advantage of the proposed method is that it only needs an initial opinion lexicon to start the bootstrapping process. Thus, the method is semi-supervised due to the use of opinion word seeds. In evaluation, we compare the proposed method with several state-of-the-art methods using a standard product review test collection. The results show that our approach outperforms these existing methods significantly.
Sparse coding has received an increasing amount of interest in recent years. It is an unsupervised learning algorithm, which finds a basis set capturing high-level semantics in the data and learns ...sparse coordinates in terms of the basis set. Originally applied to modeling the human visual cortex, sparse coding has been shown useful for many applications. However, most of the existing approaches to sparse coding fail to consider the geometrical structure of the data space. In many real applications, the data is more likely to reside on a low-dimensional submanifold embedded in the high-dimensional ambient space. It has been shown that the geometrical information of the data is important for discrimination. In this paper, we propose a graph based algorithm, called graph regularized sparse coding, to learn the sparse representations that explicitly take into account the local manifold structure of the data. By using graph Laplacian as a smooth operator, the obtained sparse representations vary smoothly along the geodesics of the data manifold. The extensive experimental results on image classification and clustering have demonstrated the effectiveness of our proposed algorithm.
Heavy metal contamination has become a worldwide problem through disturbing the normal functions of rivers and lakes. Sediment, as the largest storage and resources of heavy metal, plays a rather ...important role in metal transformations. This paper provides a review on the geochemical forms, affecting factors and remediation technologies of heavy metal in sediment. The in situ remediation of sediment aims at increasing the stabilization of some metals such as the mobile and the exchangeable fractions; whereas, the ex situ remediation mainly aims at removing those potentially mobile metals, such as the Mn-oxides and the organic matter (OM) fraction. The pH and OM can directly change metals distribution in sediment; however oxidation–reduction potential (ORP), mainly through changing the pH values, indirectly alters metals distribution. Mainly ascribed to their simple operation mode, low costs and fast remediation effects, in situ remediation technologies, especially being fit for slight pollution sediment, are applied widely. However, for avoiding metal secondary pollution from sediment release, ex situ remediation should be the hot point in future research.
Laryngeal cancer is the second most prevalent head and neck tumor and it is one of the most common malignancies of the upper respiratory tract. Fatty acid metabolism affects cancer cell biology in ...several ways, and alterations in fatty acid metabolism are characteristic of both tumorigenesis and metastasis. Despite advances in laryngeal cancer diagnosis and treatment over the years, there has been no significant improvement in survival or mortality. Studying the role of fatty acid metabolism-related genes in laryngeal cancer will facilitate our search for valuable biomarkers to guide prognostic management and treatment selection. We constructed a prognostic risk score model for fatty acid metabolism-related genes by downloading and analyzing laryngeal cancers from the TCGA and GEO databases. We predicted survival outcomes of laryngeal cancer patients using a prognostic risk score model of fatty acid metabolism-related genes and analyzed the resistance of laryngeal cancer in different individuals to multiple drugs. In addition, the relationship between the prognostic risk score model and cellular infiltration characteristics of the tumor microenvironment were investigated. Through the prognostic risk scoring model, the genes with risk-prompting effect and related to prognosis were screened out for further research. Through the study of gene expression levels in the TCGA database, we screened out 120 differentially expressed fatty acid metabolism genes. LASSO-Cox and Cox regression analyses identified nine genes associated with prognosis to construct a prognostic risk score model for genes related to fatty acid metabolism. Both TCGA and GEO confirmed that samples in the high-risk score group had a worse prognosis than those in the low-risk score group. We found significant differences between the high-risk and low-risk groups for 22 drugs (P < 0.05). In addition, we found differences in immune cell infiltration between the different risk score groups. Finally, through the risk assessment model, combined with multiple databases, THBS1, a high-risk and prognosis-related gene, was screened. We also found that THBS1 could promote the migration, invasion and proliferation of laryngeal cancer cells by constructing THBS1 knockout cell lines. In our study, we identified key fatty acid-related genes differentially expressed in laryngeal carcinoma that can be used to adequately predict prognosis using a comprehensive bioinformatic experimental approach. It was also found that THBS1, a high-risk and prognosis-related gene, may regulate the occurrence and development of laryngeal cancer through fatty acid metabolism, which has further helped us to explore the role of fatty acid metabolism genes in laryngeal cancer.
This paper analyses the impact of the poverty alleviation relocation (PAR) program on rural household income and evaluates the heterogeneous income effects of various relocation modes, based on a ...panel dataset of relocated households from 16 counties in eight Chinese provinces. The results show that participation in the PAR increases the income of both rural and urban resettlers. More specifically, it has a significant positive effect on agricultural and wage income for rural and urban resettlers, respectively. Further analyses show that the income increase for rural resettlers was mainly due to agricultural technology training and that the income increase for town resettlers was attributed to medical security. For the village resettlers, policies should focus on strengthening the development of local industries and training of agricultural technologies. For the urban resettlers, non-agricultural employment and public services in the urban resettlement areas should be promoted.
Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) MIL-88A hexagonal microrods as a new photocatalyst show an active performance for methylene blue (MB) dye decolorization using visible light. MB decolorization over ...the MIL-88A photocatalyst follows first-order kinetics. The addition of a H2O2 electron acceptor can markedly enhance the photocatalytic MB decoloration performance of MIL-88A. Moreover, MIL-88A showed a very stable activity for MB decoloration after four consecutive usages. Owing to the advantages of the visible light response, low cost and abundance in nature, this active MIL-88A MOF photocatalyst would have great potential for environmental purification.
The photocatalytic decolorization of methylene blue dye in aqueous solution using a novel photocatalyst MIL-53(Fe) metal–organic frameworks was investigated under UV–vis light and visible light ...irradiation. The effect of electron acceptor H
2O
2, KBrO
3 and (NH
4)
2S
2O
8 addition on the photocatalytic performance of MIL-53(Fe) was also evaluated. The results show that MIL-53(Fe) photocatalyst exhibited photocatalytic activity for MB decolorization both under UV–vis light and visible light irradiation, and the MB decolorization over MIL-53(Fe) photocatalyst followed the first-order kinetics. The addition of different electron acceptors all enhances the photocatalytic performance of MIL-53(Fe) photocatalyst, and the enhanced rate follows the order of H
2O
2
>
(NH
4)
2S
2O
8
>
KBrO
3 under UV–vis light irradiation, while in the order of (NH
4)
2S
2O
8
>
H
2O
2
>
KBrO
3 under visible light irradiation. Moreover, MIL-53(Fe) did not exhibit any obvious loss of the activity for MB decolorization during five repeated usages. The photocatalytic activities over MIL-53(M) (M
=
Al, Fe), the isostructure to MIL-53(Fe), indicate that the metal centers show nil effect on the photocatalytic activity of MIL-53(M) photocatalysts.
Previous studies demonstrated that Bailcalin (BAI) prevented cardiac injuries under different disease models. Whether BAI protected against type 2 diabetes mellitus- (T2DM-) associated cardiomyopathy ...was investigated in this study. T2DM was established by the combination of streptozotocin injection and high-fat diet in mice. BAI was administered daily for 6 months. After evaluating cardiac functions, mice hearts were removed and processed for morphological, biochemical, and molecular mechanism analyses. Neonatal rat cardiomyocytes (NRCM) were isolated and treated with high glucose and palmitate (HG/Pal) for in vitro investigation. BAI significantly ameliorated T2DM-induced cardiomyocyte hypertrophy, interstitial fibrosis, and lipid accumulation accompanied by markedly improved cardiac functions in diabetic mice. Mechanically, BAI restored decreased phosphorylation of AMPK and enhanced expression and nuclei translocation of Nrf2. In in vitro experiments, BAI also prevented NRCM from HG/Pal-induced apoptosis and oxidative stress injuries by increasing p-AMPK and Nrf2 accumulation. The means by which BAI restored p-AMPK seemed to be related to the antioxidative effects of Nrf2 after silencing AMPK or Nrf2 in NRCM. Furthermore, BAI regulated Nrf2 by inhibiting Nrf2 ubiquitination and consequent degradation mediated by Keap1. This study showed that BAI alleviated diabetes-associated cardiac dysfunction and cardiomyocyte injuries in vivo and in vitro via Keap1/Nrf2/AMPK-mediated antioxidation and lipid-lowering effects. BAI might be a potential adjuvant drug for diabetes cardiomyopathy treatment.
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