Nanoelectrospray ionization (nanoESI) with a very fine emitter and nanoliter solution flow rate is known to be suitable for aqueous solutions. However, under atmospheric pressure, its stability with ...aqueous solutions is not always guaranteed particularly in the negative ion mode where corona and arc discharge tend to occur more easily. Electrical discharge can be quenched to a certain extent by adding electron scavenging gases like SF6 or CO2 to the ion source. The onset potential that is required to induce the discharge also increases with an increase of gas pressure. Recently, we have reported on a series of high pressure electrospray ion sources that were stable in both positive and negative ion modes using air or N2 as the working gas. In this paper, we compare the performance of nanoelectrospray under atmospheric pressure and super-atmospheric pressure for the analysis of samples in aqueous solution. The comparative study was performed using the same ion source chamber that could be pressurized up to 6 bar. The pressure in the first pumping stage of the mass spectrometer was kept constant when the ion source pressure was changed by using an additional pump with variable pumping speed. High pressure nanoESI optimized at 2-3 bar demonstrated a 3-5 times improvement in ion signal intensity compared to atmospheric pressure nanoESI, and the signal stability was significantly improved particularly in the negative mode.
This study aimed to identify a suitable RNA extraction kit and stable internal control microRNA (miRNA) in bovine milk small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) for a quantitative polymerase chain reaction ...(qPCR) analysis. Two RNA extraction kits, miRNeasy Micro Kit, and Maxwell RSC miRNA Tissue Kit, were compared and evaluated using bovine milk sEVs via qPCR analysis. Five miRNAs, bta-miR-29a, bta-miR-200a, bta-miR-26b, hsa-miR-27b-3p, and hsa-miR-30b-5p, were selected by microarray analyses, and their cycle threshold (Ct) values were further evaluated mathematically using geNorm, NormFinder, BestKeeper, and ∆Ct algorithms. The results revealed that both the miRNeasy Micro Kit and Maxwell RSC miRNA Tissue Kit are useful for the efficient recovery of RNA from bovine milk sEVs. According to the final stability ranking analyzed by RefFinder, hsa-miR-27b-3p and bta-miR-29a can be used as suitable internal control miRNAs in bovine milk sEVs. The study also indicated that using a suitable internal control miRNA may improve the reliability and accuracy of the qPCR analysis for normalization in bovine milk sEVs. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to uncover the suitable internal control miRNAs in bovine milk sEVs.
This paper seeks to reinvestigate the contemporaneous interactions using daily closing prices of US eREIT and S&P 500 indices to calculate their respective rates of return. Daily data are used from ...October 31, 2008 through October 31, 2023 with 3,856 observations. Data are obtained from (www.wsj.com and (https://finance.yahoo.com/). The time series data distributions of both variables are near-normal in term of their respective mean-to-median ratio with very low standard deviations. The Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) is applied to estimate regressions (1) and (2) for reliable and unbiased results, as it meets the statistical criteria for suitability. The regression results show evidence of weak interactions between them with bidirectional causal flows.
Recently, image-based virtual try-on (VTON) systems using deep generative models have drawn significant research attention. However, the 2D clothing shape transform methods in the earlier works show ...serious limitations in 3D clothing deformation required in multiple-pose VTON scenarios. In this paper, we develop a 3D-MPVTON system of two pipelines and show that a 3D clothing model reconstruction approach provides much better results for the multi-pose VTON scenario. First, the 3D clothing model reconstruction pipeline is based on CloTH-VTON+. The try-on clothing is matched to the target clothing regions in the simply-shaped reference human model and its 3D model is reconstructed using the associated 3D human body model. For natural clothing rendering from an arbitrary view, accurate texture mapping is crucial. We have developed a highly accurate texture matching method. The try-on pipeline first generates target segmentation from the target pose for conditional information for the following stage's network models. Correct target segmentation was one of the main performance bottlenecks in previous VTON studies. Our proposed equalized entropy loss for the target segmentation generation network greatly reduces the segmentation label imbalance, and results in high-quality segmentation and reduced training time. The rigged reconstructed 3D clothing model can be easily deformed into the target pose and the human body shape while retaining the textures of the clothes. The remaining parts, i.e., the non-target clothing regions of the human in the target pose are generated through a deep generative human pose transfer model. Finally, the generated clothing and the remaining parts are combined using conditional generative networks to in-paint the dis-occluded areas and blend them together. Our proposed hybrid pipeline outperforms the previous 2D-based approaches by substantial margins in both objective evaluation and subjective user study, especially in the cases of the large pose and viewpoint changes.
High-pressure nanoelectrospray ionization (nanoESI) source is a recently developed technique in which the electrospray ionization is generated inside an enclosed chamber with gas pressure higher than ...the atmospheric pressure. In this paper, the performance of nanoESI under different gas pressures, emitter position, ion inlet temperature, additive for desalination are presented. Under a pressure of 2 bars, the nanoESI is almost eased from the electrical discharge problem, and that offers a wider tuning window for the emitter potential to produces a higher and more stable ion signal. With optimized ion inlet temperature, the high-pressure operation facilitates the generation of ion species of higher charge-state from the highly aqueous solution, and produced less sodium adducts. A preparation method for the high-throughput analysis of raw biological samples using disposable plastic nanoESI emitter is also described.
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•High pressure nanoESI ion source is optimized and studied for the analysis of aqueous solution.•Atmospheric nanoESI and high pressure nanoESI mass spectrometry is compared.•The sensitivity of HP-nESI is increased owing to high desolvation efficiency.•The discharge problem is avoided.•The supercharging of insulin is observed in negative ion mode by high pressure, high voltage and high mass inlet temperature.
This paper seeks to reinvestigate the contemporaneous interactions using daily closing prices of US eREIT and S&P 500 indices to calculate their respective rates of return. Daily data are used from ...October 31, 2008 through October 31, 2023 with 3,856 observations. Data are obtained from (www.wsj.com and (https://finance.yahoo.com/). The time series data distributions of both variables are near-normal in term of their respective mean-to-median ratio with very low standard deviations. The Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) is applied to estimate regressions (1) and (2) for reliable and unbiased results, as it meets the statistical criteria for suitability. The regression results show evidence of weak interactions between them with bidirectional causal flows.
The exact mechanism for the pathophysiology of seborrheic dermatitis (SD) remains unknown. According to past knowledge, neuropsychiatric disorders, weak immune responses, fungal infections, ...antioxidants deficiencies, and inadequate nutrition might involve in SD. Here we evaluated serum trace elements, micronutrients, antioxidants, malondialdehyde (MDA), and immunoglobulins in SD patients.
This case-control study recruited 75 SD patients and 76 age-and sex-matched healthy controls (HCs). We measured serum micronutrients using atomic absorption spectroscopic methods. Similarly, we assessed serum antioxidants applying the RP-HPLC techniques. Also, serum MDA and immunoglobulins levels were evaluated by UV-spectrophotometric and turbidimetric methods, respectively.
We observed higher serum levels of copper, manganese, iron, calcium, magnesium, and MDA in SD patients than HCs. Together with vitamin E, we noticed lower serum concentrations of immunoglobulin A, G, and M in SD patients than HCs. The present study detected a positive correlation between serum zinc and calcium levels (r = 0.365, p = 0.009) in SD patients. However, we identified a negative correlation between serum copper and calcium levels (r = -0.298, p = 0.035).
The present study suggests that the altered levels of micronutrients, antioxidants, MDA, and immunoglobulins are associated with the pathophysiology of SD. These changes may not be the cause but the consequences of the disease. These findings might help to understand the etiopathology and management of SD.
Seborrheic dermatitis; Trace elements; Micronutrients; Antioxidants; Malondialdehyde; Immunoglobulins.
This study aimed to characterize the mRNA signature of milk small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) from BLV-infected cattle. A total of 23 mRNAs, which showed greater abundance in milk sEVs from ...BLV-infected cattle compared to those from BLV-uninfected (control) cattle, were identified through microarray analyses conducted in our previous study. To assess the significance of these differences in mRNA abundance, milk was collected from six control cattle and twenty-six cattle infected with BLV. The infected cattle were categorized into two distinct groups based on their proviral loads: a group of eight cattle with low proviral loads (LPVL), characterized by <10,000 copies per 105 white blood cells (WBC), and a group of eighteen cattle with high proviral loads (HPVL), marked by ≥10,000 copies per 105 WBC. The qPCR analysis quantified 7 out of 23 mRNAs, including BoLA, CALB1, IL33, ITGB2, MYOF, TGFBR1, and TMEM156, in the milk sEVs from control cattle, LPVL cattle, and HPVL cattle. Significantly, the average relative expression of CALB1 mRNA in milk sEVs was higher in LPVL cattle compared to HPVL cattle and control cattle (p < 0.05), while it was relatively lower in HPVL cattle compared to LPVL cattle and control cattle (p > 0.05). Likewise, the average relative expression of TMEM156 mRNA in milk sEVs was significantly higher in LPVL cattle compared to HPVL cattle (p < 0.05), and relatively lower in HPVL cattle compared to LPVL cattle and control cattle (p > 0.05). The results indicate distinct patterns of CALB1 and TMEM156 mRNA levels in milk sEVs, with higher levels observed in LPVL cattle and lower levels in HPVL cattle. The current study could provide essential information to comprehend the complexities during the progression of BLV infection and direct the exploration of mRNA biomarkers for monitoring the clinical stage of BLV infection.
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