Probation, which was introduced in Croatia only in the last decade, has its origins in the United States of the mid-19th century. Probation works have been present in several European countries for ...more than a century and they represent an important segment of work with offenders. While in the beginning probation work included certain forms of social work with offenders, it has recently developed toward the elaboration and implementation of instruments for risk assessment and assessment of offender's needs, assistance to judges when reaching a decision and supervision of obligations and/or restrains ordered to the offender in the community. In order to enable different forms of offender aid, probation systems are increasingly oriented toward cooperation with other state institutions and the non-governmental sector. After the adoption of the Probation Act and establishment of the Directorate for Probation and Support to Victims and Witnesses within the Ministry of Justice, the first probation offices and professional probation officers began their work in Croatia in 2011. The beginning of functioning of the probation system in Croatia also resulted in opening a complex question of the cooperation model of the new system with other systems, within which this article deals with the particularly important segment of cooperation between the probation and the social care system. Adapted from the source document.
Prvi probacijski uredi u Hrvatskoj s radom su zapoceli 2011. godine, cime je otvoreno i pitanje mogucnosti i potrebe suradnje probacijskog i zatvorskog sustava. Od 2013. godine dolazi i do velikog ...porasta broja predmeta koji se odnose na izvrsavanje probacijskih poslova tijekom izvrsavanja kazne zatvora i uvjetnog otpusta, a sto ovo pitanje cini jos aktualnijim.Zbog prvenstvene orijentacije probacijskih sluzbi na rad u otvorenoj zajednici, a zatvorskih sluzbi na rad u okviru zatvorskog okruzenja, suradnji ova dva sustava u svijetu se dugo vremena nije pridavao poseban znacaj. Pitanje suradnje zatvorskih i probacijskih sustava aktualno je u Europi tek unatrag nekoliko desetljeca.Ciljevi su ovog rada: (1) prikazati oblike suradnje probacijskog i zatvorskog sustava u medunarodnom kontekstu i (2) analizirati suradnju probacijskog i zatvorskog sustava u Hrvatskoj te predloziti mogucnosti daljnjeg unaprjedivanja iste.
An early release from prison was at its beginnings designed as a reward for appropriate behavior of offenders during the execution of long-term sentences, and was applied as the exception. It is now ...used much more frequently and within different models developed through the time. In regards to the authority that may grant an early release, the early release criteria, and the point in time from which it is possible to grant early release, conditions and restrictions which can be imposed and ways of supervision and revocation, we can find some similarities in legislation and implementation between countries, but also many important differences.An early release from prison often leads to various debates in public. It is frequently subject of debate of experts and scientists, and attracts the attention of the political structures, often with a lot of disagreement and a number of dilemmas. On the one hand, there are demands for the abolition of an early release, but simultaneously due to overcapacity of many prison systems, back door strategies become very important instruments in reducing the prison population. These strategies have a major role in the social integration of offenders, whereby it is important to respect rights and safety of the victim and also to protect the community. There is currently increased interest in early release in Croatia, mainly for three reasons. These are (1) the growing overcapacity of prison system, (2) the beginning of probation supervision of early released prisoners, and (3) new legislation on conditional release within the new Criminal Code (Official Gazette, no. 125/2011) which comes into force on 1st of January 2013.The aim of this paper is to provide an overview of theoretical knowledge and historical development of early release, to present and compare different models of early release in different countries, as well as to discuss some of the contemporary difficulties and dilemmas. At the same time, we have also analyzed the current situation in Croatia, in the way that the experiences of other countries were used to present possible recommendations for overcoming the existing overcapacity of Croatian prison system, for further development of the Croatian probation system and for general improvement of the early release in our country. PUBLICATION ABSTRACT
Experts in penology have always aspired to improve the system of the penal sanctions & the conditions of their implementation, aware of the unsatisfying efficiency of the treatment in the ...correctional institutions, evident disadvantages of the imprisonment (loss of the jobs, stigmatization, exposition to the various deprivations, criminal infection, prisonisation etc) & the great material costs of the implementation of the imprisonment. Although the first experiences with probation were gained as early as 19th century, in Croatia, probation & the community work as the alternative sanctions have been implemented only since 2001, despite the more or less elaborated legal settings which were provided much earlier. The paper reviews the existing legal acts, the present model of the implementation of probation & the community work, some personal & social characteristics of the persons included in the treatment within the framework of these sanctions, as well as the tendencies for further development & improving of probation in our country. Tables, Figures, References. Adapted from the source document.
An early release from prison was at its beginnings designed as a reward for appropriate behavior of offenders during the execution of long-term sentences, and was applied as the exception. It is now ...used much more frequently and within different models developed through the time. In regards to the authority that may grant an early release, the early release criteria, and the point in time from which it is possible to grant early release, conditions and restrictions which can be imposed and ways of supervision and revocation, we can find some similarities in legislation and implementation between countries, but also many important differences. An early release from prison often leads to various debates in public. It is frequently subject of debate of experts and scientists, and attracts the attention of the political structures, often with a lot of disagreement and a number of dilemmas. On the one hand, there are demands for the abolition of an early release, but simultaneously due to overcapacity of many prison systems, back door strategies become very important instruments in reducing the prison population. These strategies have a major role in the social integration of offenders, whereby it is important to respect rights and safety of the victim and also to protect the community. There is currently increased interest in early release in Croatia, mainly for three reasons. These are (1) the growing overcapacity of prison system, (2) the beginning of probation supervision of early released prisoners, and (3) new legislation on conditional release within the new Criminal Code (Official Gazette, no. 125/2011) which comes into force on 1st of January 2013. The aim of this paper is to provide an overview of theoretical knowledge and historical development of early release, to present and compare different models of early release in different countries, as well as to discuss some of the contemporary difficulties and dilemmas. At the same time, we have also analyzed the current situation in Croatia, in the way that the experiences of other countries were used to present possible recommendations for overcoming the existing overcapacity of Croatian prison system, for further development of the Croatian probation system and for general improvement of the early release in our country. Adapted from the source document.
Cilj rada je ponuditi pregled znanstvenih saznanja o elektronickom nadzoru kao mjeri i/ili sankciji poznatoj u svijetu od osamdesetih godina proslog stoljeca, te kreirati smjernice za razvoj i ...provodenje ove sankcije u Republici Hrvatskoj. Elektronicki nadzor je naisao na siroku primjenu u praksi zemalja diljem svijeta. Opca prihvacenost elektronickog nadzora je rezultat nastojanja reduciranja zatvorske populacije i smanjenja visokih troskova vezanih uz iste.U Republici Hrvatskoj, prema dostupnoj literaturi, uocen je nedostatak interesa za ovu problematiku. Znanstveni i strucni interes usmjeren je na funkcioniranje sustava probacije, ali se tema elektronickog nadzora u sklopu navedenog sustava spominje iznimno i uglavnom u kontekstu problematiziranja cjelokupnog sustava probacije. Nedostatni su znanstveni i strucni radovi o ovoj, vrlo vaznoj temi, osobito za podrucje Republike Hrvatske koja je na pragu uvodenja ove alternativne sankcije.Planiranje i uvodenje elektronickog nadzora u RH cini dio reforme hrvatskog kaznenopravnog sustava pa je od velike vaznosti, temeljem saznanja i iskustava strane prakse, stjecanje uvida u preduvjete nuzne za planiranje i uvodenje elektronickog nadzora u hrvatski kaznenopravni sustav. English version page 51
The aim of this article is to offer an overview of the most recent scholarly advances concerning electronic monitoring as a measure and/or sanction, as it has appeared in criminal justice practice ...since the 1980s. Furthermore, the article offers guidelines for the development and further implementation of this measure in the Republic of Croatia. Electronic monitoring has been implemented in numerous countries worldwide. The general acceptance of electronic monitoring is the result of striving to reduce the prison population and reduce the high costs associated with it. Based on the extant literature, we notice a lack of interest in the matters related to electronic monitoring in the Republic of Croatia. Both the scholars' and the professionals' interest is directed towards the functioning of the probation service, while the topic of electronic monitoring is mentioned rarely, and predominantly in the context of problematizing the entire probation system. We thus note a lack of scientific and applied written work on this very important topic, particularly in the Croatian context, where this particular alternative sanction is about to be introduced.Planning and implementation of electronic monitoring in the Republic of Croatia form part of the reform of Croatian criminal justice system and it is thus of great importance, based on the knowledge and experience of international practice, to gain insight into the conditions necessary for the planning and introduction of electronic monitoring in the Croatian criminal justice system.
