Recent findings show that cerium oxide (CeO2) nanoparticles may undergo in vivo-induced size transformation with the formation of smaller particles that could result in a higher translocation ...following pulmonary exposure compared to virtually insoluble particles, like titanium dioxide (TiO2). Therefore, we compared liver deposition of CeO2 and TiO2 nanoparticles of similar primary sizes 1, 28 or 180 days after intratracheal instillation of 162 μg of NPs in female C57BL/6 mice. Mice exposed to 162 μg CeO2 or TiO2 nanoparticles by intravenous injection or oral gavage were included as reference groups to assess the amount of NPs that reach the liver bypassing the lungs and the translocation of NPs from the gastrointestinal tract to the liver, respectively. Pulmonary deposited CeO2 nanoparticles were detected in the liver 28 and 180 days post-exposure and TiO2 nanoparticles 180 days post-exposure as determined by darkfield imaging and by the quantification of Ce and Ti mass concentration by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Ce and Ti concentrations increased over time and 180 days post-exposure the translocation to the liver was 2.87 ± 3.37% and 1.24 ± 1.98% of the initial pulmonary dose, respectively. Single particle ICP-MS showed that the size of CeO2 nanoparticles in both lung and liver tissue decreased over time. No nanoparticles were detected in the liver following oral gavage. Our results suggest that pulmonary deposited CeO2 and TiO2 nanoparticles translocate to the liver with similar calculated translocation rates despite their different chemical composition and shape. The observed particle size distributions of CeO2 nanoparticles indicate in vivo processing over time both in lung and liver. The fact that no particles were detected in the liver following oral exposure showed that direct translocation of nanoparticles from lung to the systemic circulation was the most important route of translocation for pulmonary deposited particles.
The present paper describes the development, validation and application of a method for inorganic arsenic (iAs) determination in rice samples. The separation of iAs from organoarsenic compounds was ...done by off-line solid-phase extraction (SPE) followed by hydride generation atomic absorption spectrometry (HG-AAS) detection. This approach was earlier developed for seafood samples (Rasmussen et al., Anal Bioanal Chem 403:2825–2834,
2012
) and has in the present work been tailored for rice products and further optimised for a higher sample throughput and a lower detection limit. Water bath heating (90 °C, 60 min) of samples with dilute HNO
3
and H
2
O
2
solubilised and oxidised all iAs to arsenate (As
V
). Loading of buffered sample extracts (pH 6 ± 1) followed by selective elution of arsenate from a strong anion exchange SPE cartridge enabled the selective iAs quantification by HG-AAS, measuring total arsenic (As) in the SPE eluate. The in-house validation gave mean recoveries of 101–106 % for spiked rice samples and in two reference samples. The limit of detection was 0.02 mg kg
−1
, and repeatability and intra-laboratory reproducibility were less than 6 and 9 %, respectively. The SPE HG-AAS method produced similar results compared to parallel high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) analysis. The SPE separation step was tested collaboratively, where the laboratories (
N
= 10) used either HG-AAS or ICP-MS for iAs determination in a wholemeal rice powder. The trial gave satisfactory results (HorRat value of 1.6) and did not reveal significant difference (
t
test,
p
> 0.05) between HG-AAS and ICP-MS quantification. The iAs concentration in 36 rice samples purchased on the Danish retail market varied (0.03–0.60 mg kg
−1
), with the highest concentration found in a red rice sample.
Seaweed including brown seaweeds with rich bioactive components may be efficacious for a glycaemic management strategy and appetite control. We investigated the effects of two brown edible seaweeds, ...Laminaria digitata (LD) and Undaria pinnatifida (UP), on postprandial glucose metabolism and appetite following a starch load in a human meal study.
Twenty healthy subjects were enrolled in a randomized, 3-way, blinded cross-over trial. The study was registered under ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier no. NCT00123456. At each test day, the subjects received one of three meals comprising 30 g of starch with 5 g of LD or UP or an energy-adjusted control meal containing pea protein. Fasting and postprandial blood glucose, insulin, C-peptide and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) concentrations were measured. Subjective appetite sensations were scored using visual analogue scales (VAS).
Linear mixed model (LMM) analysis showed a lower blood glucose, insulin and C-peptide response following the intake of LD and UP, after correction for body weight. Participants weighing ≤ 63 kg had a reduced glucose response compared to control meal between 40 and 90 min both following LD and UP meals. Furthermore, LMM analysis for C-peptide showed a significantly lower response after intake of LD. Compared to the control meal, GLP-1 response was higher after the LD meal, both before and after the body weight adjustment. The VAS scores showed a decreased appetite sensation after intake of the seaweeds. Ad-libitum food intake was not different three hours after the seaweed meals compared to control.
Concomitant ingestion of brown seaweeds may help improving postprandial glycaemic and appetite control in healthy and normal weight adults, depending on the dose per body weight.
Clinicaltrials.gov (ID# NCT02608372).
Emerging chemical contaminants e.g. toxic metals speciation, flame retardants (FRs) and perfluorinated compounds (PFCs), among others, that have not been historically recognized as pollutants nor ...their toxicological hazards, are increasingly more present in the marine environment. Furthermore, the effects of environmental conditions (e.g. temperature and pH) on bioaccumulation and elimination mechanisms of these emerging contaminants in marine biota have been poorly studied until now. In this context, the aim of this study was to assess, for the first time, the effect of warmer seawater temperatures (Δ = + 4°C) and lower pH levels (Δ = − 0.4 pH units), acting alone or combined, on the bioaccumulation and elimination of emerging FRs (dechloranes 602, 603 and 604, and TBBPA), inorganic arsenic (iAs), and PFCs (PFOA and PFOS) in two estuarine bivalve species (Mytilus galloprovincialis and Ruditapes philippinarum). Overall, results showed that warming alone or combined with acidification promoted the bioaccumulation of some compounds (i.e. dechloranes 602, 604, TBBPA), but also facilitated the elimination of others (i.e. iAs, TBBPA). Similarly, lower pH also resulted in higher levels of dechloranes, as well as enhanced iAs, PFOA and PFOS elimination. Data also suggests that, when both abiotic stressors are combined, bivalves' capacity to accumulate contaminants may be time-dependent, considering significantly drastic increase observed with Dec 602 and TBBPA, during the last 10 days of exposure, when compared to reference conditions. Such changes in contaminants' bioaccumulation/elimination patterns also suggest a potential increase of human health risks of some compounds, if the climate continues changing as forecasted. Therefore, this first study pointed out the urgent need for further research on the effects of abiotic conditions on emerging contaminants kinetics, to adequately estimate the potential toxicological hazards associated to these compounds and develop recommendations/regulations for their presence in seafood, considering the prevailing environmental conditions expected in tomorrow's ocean.
•Temperature and pH effects on emerging contaminants' bioaccumulation were assessed.•Increased temperature promoted the bioaccumulation of Dec 602, Dec 604 and TBBPA.•Lower pH increased Dec's bioaccumulation, but also iAs and PFCs' elimination.•Human exposure to some compounds may increase with climate change.
A collaborative study was conducted in order to fully validate the performance characteristics and to evaluate the suitability of a method for determination of iodine in animal feed. The method ...consists of an alkaline extraction in tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH) solution followed by the determination of iodine by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The method was validated for different types of feed and feed materials with a broad concentration range of 0.65-622 mg I/kg. Good agreement was found between the overall mean mass fraction values from the collaborative trial (13.8 ± 1.3 mg I/kg and 0.657 ± 0.228 mg I/kg) and the values previously determined in proficiency tests for two of the test materials (12.65 ± 2.47 mg I/kg and 0.72 ± 0.22 mg I/kg) indicating satisfactory accuracy of the method. Reproducibility standard deviations were between 7.85% and 34.65% and the HorRat values were under the acceptable limit of 2 so the between-laboratory precision was considered acceptable. Based on the statistical evaluation of the results it was concluded that the method is suitable for its intended purpose; it has been accepted as European Standard EN17050:2017 by the European Committee for Standardisation (CEN).
Seafood consumption is a major route for human exposure to environmental contaminants of emerging concern (CeCs). However, toxicological information about the presence of CeCs in seafood is still ...insufficient, especially considering the effect of cooking procedures on contaminant levels. This study is one among a few who evaluated the effect of steaming on the levels of different CeCs (toxic elements, PFCs, PAHs, musk fragrances and UV-filters) in commercially relevant seafood in Europe, and estimate the potential risks associated with its consumption for consumers. In most cases, an increase in contaminant levels was observed after steaming, though varying according to contaminant and seafood species (e.g. iAs, perfluorobutanoate, dibenzo(ah)anthracene in Mytilus edulis, HHCB-Lactone in Solea sp., 2-Ethylhexyl salicylate in Lophius piscatorius). Furthermore, the increase in some CeCs, like Pb, MeHg, iAs, Cd and carcinogenic PAHs, in seafood after steaming reveals that adverse health effects can never be excluded, regardless contaminants concentration. However, the risk of adverse effects can vary. The drastic changes induced by steaming suggest that the effect of cooking should be integrated in food risk assessment, as well as accounted in CeCs regulations and recommendations issued by food safety authorities, in order to avoid over/underestimation of risks for consumer health.
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•CeCs levels strongly varied according to the contaminant and seafood species.•Most toxic elements, PAHs and musk fragrances levels increased after steaming.•Most PFCs and UV-filters levels decreased after steaming.•Adverse health effects can never be excluded, regardless of contaminants concentration.
The present paper describes a novel method for the quantitative determination of inorganic arsenic (iAs) in food and feed of marine origin. The samples were subjected to microwave-assisted extraction ...using diluted hydrochloric acid and hydrogen peroxide, which solubilised the analytes and oxidised arsenite (As
III
) to arsenate (As
V
). Subsequently, a pH buffering of the sample extract at pH 6 enabled selective elution of As
V
from a strong anion exchange solid-phase extraction (SPE) cartridge. Hydride generation atomic absorption spectrometry (HG-AAS) was applied to quantify the concentration of iAs (sum of As
III
and As
V
) as the total arsenic (As) in the SPE eluate. The results of the in-house validation showed that mean recoveries of 101–104% were achieved for samples spiked with iAs at 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 mg·kg
−1
, respectively. The limit of detection was 0.08 mg kg
−1
, and the repeatability (RSD
r
) and intra-laboratory reproducibility (RSD
IR
) were less than 8% and 13%, respectively, for samples containing 0.2 to 1.5 mg kg
−1
iAs. The trueness of the SPE HG-AAS method was verified by confirming results obtained by parallel analysis using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. It was demonstrated that the two sets of results were not significantly different (
P
< 0.05). The SPE HG-AAS method was applied to 20 marine food and feed samples, and concentrations of up to 0.14 mg kg
−1
of iAs were detected.
The presence of contaminants in aquatic ecosystems can cause serious problems to the environment and marine organisms. This study aims to evaluate the phycoremediation capacity of macroalgae ...Laminaria digitata for pesticides (diflubenzuron and lindane) and toxic elements (cadmium and copper) in seawater in the presence or absence of mussels. The photosynthetic activity was monitored in the macroalgae to assess its “physiological status”. The results showed that the presence of algae decreased diflubenzuron concentration in mussels by 70% after 120 h of exposure. Additionally, this macroalgae was efficient to reduce lindane, Cu and Cd in seawater; even though it not was able to reduce these contaminants in mussels. The studied pollutants did not affect the physiological status of macroalgae. This study reveals that the application of phycoremediation with macroalgae can be an useful and effective mitigation strategy to remove/decrease contaminant levels from the aquatic environment.
•Pesticides and toxic elements did not affect the physiological status of macroalgae.•Diflubenzuron levels decreased 70% in mussels after 120 h exposure in presence of algae.•L. digitata was not efficient in reducing lindane, Cu and Cd in mussels.•Algae reduce lindane, Cu and Cd up to 4, 33 and 42% in water, respectively.•Macroalgae are an excellent mitigation tool to reduce contaminant levels in aquatic environments.
Sea urchin represents one of the most valuable seafood product being harvested and explored for their edible part, the gonads or roe. This species is generally considered a sentinel organism for ...ecotoxicological studies being widely used in monitoring programs to assess coastal aquatic environments quality, because is directly exposed to anthropogenic contaminants in their habitat. In this context, the aim of this study is to evaluate the concentrations of macro (Cl, K, P, Ca, S) and trace (Zn, Br, Fe, Sr, I, Se, Rb, Cu, Cr, Ni, As, iAs, Cd, Pb, Hg) elements in Paracentrotus lividus gonads from three South West Atlantic production areas subjected to distinct environmental and anthropogenic pressures. In all studied areas, the elements profile in sea urchin gonads was Cl > K > P > Ca > S > Zn > Br > Fe > Sr > I > Rb > Cu > Se > Cr > Ni, suggesting an element guide profile with special interest for sea urchin farming development. Concerning toxic elements, the profile was the following: As > Cd > Pb > Hg > iAs. The results evidenced higher levels of Pb and Hg in open areas. Distinct area characteristics and anthropogenic pressures of production areas evidence the importance of biomonitoring contaminants, particularly toxic elements. In general, the levels of these elements were below maximum levels in foodstuffs (MLs) which pose a minimal health risk to consumers.
•High levels of Pb and Hg in sea urchin gonads collected in open areas.•Studied areas seem to be suitable for the sustainable exploitation of sea urchin.•Levels of toxic elements in gonads were below MLs, not constituting a health risk.
•Potentially toxic elements in edible tissue of A. foliacea were below EU legislation limits.•The determined molar ratio of Se:Hg showed an abundance of selenium in the shrimp.•Arsenic speciation by ...HPLC-ICP-MS indicated a very low percentage of arsenolipids.•New analytical techniques can lead to better risk-based consumption limits.
The aim of this study was to determine lead, mercury, cadmium, arsenic and selenium in muscle and cephalothorax of giant red Mediterranean shrimp (Aristaeomorpha foliacea). Arsenic was also determined in the lipid fraction of the shrimp to provide an estimate of the arsenolipids. The results indicated that Pb and Cd were higher in cephalothorax than in muscle (p < 0.05), while Hg was doubled in muscle. The concentrations of Cd, Pb and Hg in the edible tissue of shrimp were under the European Union maximum levels for contaminants in foodstuffs. The molar ratio of Se:Hg was calculated to 2.4:1 and 20:1 in muscle and cephalothorax, respectively, results higher than the recommended (1:1). Arsenic concentration was one order of magnitude higher than the rest of the elements. The arsenolipids comprised 0.4 and 1.9 % of the total As in muscle and cephalothorax, respectively, whereas the rest was comprised by water soluble compounds. Analysis of the lipid extracts with High Performance Liquid Chromatography coupled to Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry showed the existence of several arsenolipids, with a dominant peak eluting at 2−4 min, in both muscle and cephalothorax. The Estimated Weekly Intake per meal size in both tissues for adults was calculated.
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