The recent advances in cloud services technology are fueling a plethora of information technology innovation, including networking, storage, and computing. Today, various flavors have evolved of IoT, ...cloud computing, and so-called fog computing, a concept referring to capabilities of edge devices and users' clients to compute, store, and exchange data among each other and with the cloud. Although the rapid pace of this evolution was not easily foreseeable, today each piece of it facilitates and enables the deployment of what we commonly refer to as a smart scenario, including smart cities, smart transportation, and smart homes. As most current cloud, fog, and network services run simultaneously in each scenario, we observe that we are at the dawn of what may be the next big step in the cloud computing and networking evolution, whereby services might be executed at the network edge, both in parallel and in a coordinated fashion, as well as supported by the unstoppable technology evolution. As edge devices become richer in functionality and smarter, embedding capacities such as storage or processing, as well as new functionalities, such as decision making, data collection, forwarding, and sharing, a real need is emerging for coordinated management of fog-to-cloud (F2C) computing systems. This article introduces a layered F2C architecture, its benefits and strengths, as well as the arising open and research challenges, making the case for the real need for their coordinated management. Our architecture, the illustrative use case presented, and a comparative performance analysis, albeit conceptual, all clearly show the way forward toward a new IoT scenario with a set of existing and unforeseen services provided on highly distributed and dynamic compute, storage, and networking resources, bringing together heterogeneous and commodity edge devices, emerging fogs, as well as conventional clouds.
Under low-potassium (K
) stress, a Ca
signaling network consisting of calcineurin B-like proteins (CBLs) and CBL-interacting kinases (CIPKs) play essential roles. Specifically, the plasma membrane ...CBL1/9-CIPK pathway and the tonoplast CBL2/3-CIPK pathway promotes K
uptake and remobilization, respectively, by activating a series of K
channels. While the dual CBL-CIPK pathways enable plants to cope with low-K
stress, little is known about the early events that link external K
levels to the CBL-CIPK proteins. Here we show that K
status regulates the protein abundance and phosphorylation of the CBL-CIPK-channel modules. Further analysis revealed low K
-induced activation of VM-CBL2/3 happened earlier and was required for full activation of PM-CBL1/9 pathway. Moreover, we identified CIPK9/23 kinases to be responsible for phosphorylation of CBL1/9/2/3 in plant response to low-K
stress and the HAB1/ABI1/ABI2/PP2CA phosphatases to be responsible for CBL2/3-CIPK9 dephosphorylation upon K
-repletion. Further genetic analysis showed that HAB1/ABI1/ABI2/PP2CA phosphatases are negative regulators for plant growth under low-K
, countering the CBL-CIPK network in plant response and adaptation to low-K
stress.
Because activated carbon is extensively used in supercapacitors, optimization of its precursors and synthetic strategies are crucial. Inspired by the rich sugar content of banana peel waste, which ...can be transformed through the respiration of yeast into alcohol with the release of CO2, we developed an environmentally benign and highly efficient process for the production of renewable heteroatom‐doped hierarchical porous carbon materials (yeast‐treated banana‐peel‐based carbon, denoted as YBP) without any additional templates or activation agents. The resulting biologically activated carbon was characterized by near‐edge X‐ray absorption fine‐structure spectroscopy, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and other physical methods. The biologically activated carbon achieved a maximum gravimetric specific capacitance of 476 F g−1 in 1 m H2SO4 electrolyte. Remarkably, with a moderate specific surface area of 1084 m2 g−1, the as‐obtained activated carbon was found to have a high packing density. With enriched pseudocapacitance sites, the YBP symmetric supercapacitor has a high volumetric specific capacitance and energy density (maximum values of 264 F cm−3 and 23.5 Wh L−1, respectively). The supercapacitor showed superior cyclic stability, with 94 % capacitance retention for voltage values up to 1.6 V after 10 000 cycles, which confirmed the promising application of this supercapacitor in miniature electronic devices.
Very a‐peel‐ing: An environmentally benign and highly efficient process for the production of renewable heteroatom‐doped hierarchical porous carbon materials (yeast‐treated banana‐peel‐based carbon, denoted as YBP) without any additional templates or activation agents was developed. The YBP symmetric supercapacitor showed superior cyclic stability, with 94 % capacitance retention for voltage values up to 1.6 V after 10 000 cycles. PBP=pure banana peel (see scheme).
The top-Higgs coupling plays an important role in particle physics and cosmology. The precision measurements of this coupling can provide an insight to new physics beyond the Standard Model. In this ...paper, we propose to use Message Passing Neural Network (MPNN) to reveal the CP nature of top-Higgs interaction through semi-leptonic channel pp→t(→bℓ−νℓ)t¯(→b¯jj)h(→bb¯). Using the test statistics constructed from the event classification probabilities given by the MPNN, we find that the pure CP-even and CP-odd components can be well distinguished at the LHC, with at most 300 fb−1 experimental data.
A new external oxidant-free electrochemical dehydrogenative cross-coupling of xanthenes and ketones for the preparation of functionalized 9-alkyl-9
H
-xanthenes was developed. This method enables the ...formation of a new C(sp
3
)-C(sp
3
) bond through release of H
2
as the major byproduct at room temperature, and features mild conditions, high atom economy, excellent functional-group tolerance, scalability and facile applications in pharmaceutical chemistry.
An oxidant-free electrochemical dehydrogenative cross-coupling of xanthenes and ketones for the preparation of functionalized 9-alkyl-9
H
-xanthenes was developed.
Two types of tonoplast proton pumps, H⁺-pyrophosphatase (V-PPase) and the H⁺-ATPase (V-ATPase), establish the proton gradient that powers molecular traffic across the tonoplast thereby facilitating ...turgor regulation and nutrient homeostasis. However, how proton pumps regulate development remains unclear.
In this study, we investigated the function of two types of proton pumps in Arabidopsis embryo development and pattern formation. While disruption of either V-PPase or V-ATPase had no obvious effect on plant embryo development, knocking out both resulted in severe defects in embryo pattern formation from the early stage.
While the first division in wild-type zygote was asymmetrical, a nearly symmetrical division occurred in the mutant, followed by abnormal pattern formation at all stages of embryo development. The embryonic defects were accompanied by dramatic differences in vacuole morphology and distribution, as well as disturbed localisation of PIN1. The development of mutant cotyledons and root, and the auxin response of mutant seedlings supported the hypothesis that mutants lacking tonoplast proton pumps were defective in auxin transport and distribution.
Taking together, we proposed that two tonoplast proton pumps are required for vacuole morphology and PIN1 localisation, thereby controlling vacuole and auxin-related developmental processes in Arabidopsis embryos and seedlings.
With the rapid development of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML), as well as the arrival of the big data era, technological innovations have occurred in the field of ...cardiovascular medicine. First, the diagnosis of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) is highly dependent on assistive examinations, the interpretation of which is time consuming and often limited by the knowledge level and clinical experience of doctors; however, AI could be used to automatically interpret the images obtained in auxiliary examinations. Second, some of the predictions of the incidence and prognosis of CVDs are limited in clinical practice by the use of traditional prediction models, but there may be occasions when AI-based prediction models perform well by using ML algorithms. Third, AI has been used to assist precise classification of CVDs by integrating a variety of medical data from patients, which helps better characterize the subgroups of heterogeneous diseases. To help clinicians better understand the applications of AI in CVDs, this review summarizes studies relating to AI-based diagnosis, prediction, and classification of CVDs. Finally, we discuss the challenges of applying AI to cardiovascular medicine.
Illustrations of the methanogenic pathways indicated by carbon isotope (δ13C) analysis under mesophilic and thermophilic conditions.
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•The Methanogenesis pathway was quantitatively ...determined by 2–13C isotope.•SAO-HM account for 41% and 50% of methane formation at 37 °C and 55 °C.•The thermophilic digester had 15% lower methane yield rates.•Stable processes were achieved at free ammonia of 31 and 145 mg/L, respectively.
The impact of temperature on the anaerobic digestion of chicken manure was investigated by studying the process performance and pathway for continuously-fed digesters under mesophilic and thermophilic conditions. The mesophilic digester obtained a 15% higher methane yield compared with the thermophilic digester. Mesophilic and thermophilic digester had free ammonia of 31 and 145 mg/L, respectively. The stable carbon isotope analysis indicated that 41% and 50% of acetate was converted to methane through the syntrophic acetate oxidation and hydrogenotrophic methanogenesis (SAO-HM) pathway under mesophilic and thermophilic conditions, respectively. The genus Pseudomonas represented 10% and 16% under mesophilic and thermophilic conditions, respectively. A high abundance of the methanogens genus Methanoculleus (94% of total methanogens) in mesophilic and the genus Methanothermobacter (96%) in thermophilic digesters indicated they were the main hydrogenotrophic partners in SAO. The present study therefore illustrated that methanogenic pathway shifting, induced by free ammonia, closely correlated to the process performance.
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