We investigated the differential diffusion of all of the verified true and false news stories distributed on Twitter from 2006 to 2017. The data comprise ~126,000 stories tweeted by ~3 million people ...more than 4.5 million times. We classified news as true or false using information from six independent fact-checking organizations that exhibited 95 to 98% agreement on the classifications. Falsehood diffused significantly farther, faster, deeper, and more broadly than the truth in all categories of information, and the effects were more pronounced for false political news than for false news about terrorism, natural disasters, science, urban legends, or financial information. We found that false news was more novel than true news, which suggests that people were more likely to share novel information. Whereas false stories inspired fear, disgust, and surprise in replies, true stories inspired anticipation, sadness, joy, and trust. Contrary to conventional wisdom, robots accelerated the spread of true and false news at the same rate, implying that false news spreads more than the truth because humans, not robots, are more likely to spread it.
Background Artificial intelligence (AI) is evolving for healthcare services. Higher cognitive thinking in AI refers to the ability of the system to perform advanced cognitive processes, such as ...problem-solving, decision-making, reasoning, and perception. This type of thinking goes beyond simple data processing and involves the ability to understand and manipulate abstract concepts, interpret, and use information in a contextually relevant way, and generate new insights based on past experiences and accumulated knowledge. Natural language processing models like ChatGPT is a conversational program that can interact with humans to provide answers to queries. Objective We aimed to ascertain the capability of ChatGPT in solving higher-order reasoning in the subject of pathology. Methods This cross-sectional study was conducted on the internet using an AI-based chat program that provides free service for research purposes. The current version of ChatGPT (January 30 version) was used to converse with a total of 100 higher-order reasoning queries. These questions were randomly selected from the question bank of the institution and categorized according to different systems. The responses to each question were collected and stored for further analysis. The responses were evaluated by three expert pathologists on a zero to five scale and categorized into the structure of the observed learning outcome (SOLO) taxonomy categories. The score was compared by a one-sample median test with hypothetical values to find its accuracy. Result A total of 100 higher-order reasoning questions were solved by the program in an average of 45.31±7.14 seconds for an answer. The overall median score was 4.08 (Q1-Q3: 4-4.33) which was below the hypothetical maximum value of five (one-test median test p <0.0001) and similar to four (one-test median test p = 0.14). The majority (86%) of the responses were in the "relational" category in the SOLO taxonomy. There was no difference in the scores of the responses for questions asked from various organ systems in the subject of Pathology (Kruskal Wallis p = 0.55). The scores rated by three pathologists had an excellent level of inter-rater reliability (ICC = 0.975 95% CI: 0.965-0.983; F = 40.26; p < 0.0001). Conclusion The capability of ChatGPT to solve higher-order reasoning questions in pathology had a relational level of accuracy. Hence, the text output had connections among its parts to provide a meaningful response. The answers from the program can score approximately 80%. Hence, academicians or students can get help from the program for solving reasoning-type questions also. As the program is evolving, further studies are needed to find its accuracy level in any further versions.
Modern power systems rely on Wide Area Network (WAN) for real-time data transmission and control. However, integrating WAN introduces vulnerabilities that adversaries can exploit, leading to ...inaccurate information, compromised decisions, and potential grid instability. The Automatic Generation Control (AGC) system, responsible for maintaining power balance, is an attractive target for attackers due to its reliance on WANs for critical signal transmission. Traditional security mechanisms like encryption, multi-factor authentication, antivirus, etc., may not be suitable for power systems due to system priorities, processing limitations, and compatibility issues. To address this, we propose a novel digital text watermarking-based approach that ensures data integrity and detects replay attacks. The watermarking technique dynamically embeds a unique timestamped watermark into sensor data, enabling detection of unauthorised modifications. The algorithm confirms data integrity by comparing the extracted and expected watermark utilizing Damerau-Levenshtein index. Timestamp analysis is employed to assist in identifying replay attacks. Notably, our technique is independent of system scale, making it practical for real-world implementation. Furthermore, the framework can be extended to secure other power system applications, enhancing overall cyber resilience. Experimental results demonstrate the efficacy of our algorithm in AGC systems while ensuring almost zero performance loss to system operations.
The rapid evolution of the Internet is reshaping the media landscape, with frequent claims of an accelerated and increasingly outraged news cycle. We test these claims empirically, investigating the ...dynamics of news spread, decay, and sentiment on Twitter (now known as X) compared to talk radio. Analyzing 2019-2021 data including 517,000 hour of radio content and 26.6 million tweets by elite journalists, politicians, and general users, we identified 1694 news events. We find that news on Twitter circulates faster, fades faster, and is more negative and outraged compared to radio, with Twitter outrage also more short-lived. These patterns are consistent across various user types and robustness checks. Our results illustrate an important way social media may influence traditional media: framing and agenda-setting simply by speaking first. As journalism evolves with these media, news audiences may encounter faster shifts in focus, less attention to each news event, and much more negativity and outrage.
Predicting the birth of a spoken word Roy, Brandon C.; Frank, Michael C.; DeCamp, Philip ...
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences - PNAS,
10/2015, Volume:
112, Issue:
41
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
Children learn words through an accumulation of interactions grounded in context. Although many factors in the learning environment have been shown to contribute to word learning in individual ...studies, no empirical synthesis connects across factors. We introduce a new ultradense corpus of audio and video recordings of a single child’s life that allows us to measure the child’s experience of each word in his vocabulary. This corpus provides the first direct comparison, to our knowledge, between different predictors of the child’s production of individual words. We develop a series of new measures of the distinctiveness of the spatial, temporal, and linguistic contexts in which a word appears, and show that these measures are stronger predictors of learning than frequency of use and that, unlike frequency, they play a consistent role across different syntactic categories. Our findings provide a concrete instantiation of classic ideas about the role of coherent activities in word learning and demonstrate the value of multimodal data in understanding children’s language acquisition.
Background and objective ChatGPT is an artificial intelligence (AI) language model that has been trained to process and respond to questions across a wide range of topics. It is also capable of ...solving problems in medical educational topics. However, the capability of ChatGPT to accurately answer first- and second-order knowledge questions in the field of microbiology has not been explored so far. Hence, in this study, we aimed to analyze the capability of ChatGPT in answering first- and second-order questions on the subject of microbiology. Materials and methods Based on the competency-based medical education (CBME) curriculum of the subject of microbiology, we prepared a set of first-order and second-order questions. For the total of eight modules in the CBME curriculum for microbiology, we prepared six first-order and six second-order knowledge questions according to the National Medical Commission-recommended CBME curriculum, amounting to a total of (8 x 12) 96 questions. The questions were checked for content validity by three expert microbiologists. These questions were used to converse with ChatGPT by a single user and responses were recorded for further analysis. The answers were scored by three microbiologists on a rating scale of 0-5. The average of three scores was taken as the final score for analysis. As the data were not normally distributed, we used a non-parametric statistical test. The overall scores were tested by a one-sample median test with hypothetical values of 4 and 5. The scores of answers to first-order and second-order questions were compared by the Mann-Whitney U test. Module-wise responses were tested by the Kruskall-Wallis test followed by the post hoc test for pairwise comparisons. Results The overall score of 96 answers was 4.04 ±0.37 (median: 4.17, Q1-Q3: 3.88-4.33) with the mean score of answers to first-order knowledge questions being 4.07 ±0.32 (median: 4.17, Q1-Q3: 4-4.33) and that of answers to second-order knowledge questions being 3.99 ±0.43 (median: 4, Q1-Q3: 3.67-4.33) (Mann-Whitney p=0.4). The score was significantly below the score of 5 (one-sample median test p<0.0001) and similar to 4 (one-sample median test p=0.09). Overall, there was a variation in median scores obtained in eight categories of topics in microbiology, indicating inconsistent performance in different topics. Conclusion The results of the study indicate that ChatGPT is capable of answering both first- and second-order knowledge questions related to the subject of microbiology. The model achieved an accuracy of approximately 80% and there was no difference between the model's capability of answering first-order questions and second-order knowledge questions. The findings of this study suggest that ChatGPT has the potential to be an effective tool for automated question-answering in the field of microbiology. However, continued improvement in the training and development of language models is necessary to enhance their performance and make them suitable for academic use.
The study of Indian comic book superheroines holds tremendous potential for analysing issues of gender, colour and other social processes in the Indian socio-cultural milieu. Among Indian vernacular ...comics, Shakti, Visarpi and Chandika are three popular women characters, each possessing a unique socio-cultural representation. While Chandika and Visarpi are supporting characters in popular male superhero comics, Shakti has her own independent identity. This paper relates the socio-cultural positioning of these characters to their costumes and analyses the importance of costumes in the construction of any superhuman character in comics. In doing so, the paper critically analyses the costumes of the characters mentioned above. Chandika, socially placed within a traditional Hindu family, dresses up in a purple costume and a mask, which covers her almost completely. Visarpi and Shakti's costumes, on the other hand, leave a significant portion of their bodies uncovered, while still conforming to traditional aesthetic values. Taking these superheroines as subjects of study and locating them within broader pop-culture and comics studies, the paper comparatively analyses the costumes and socio-cultural location of these Indian superheroines and their western counterparts, and argues that costumes further the reiteration of the patriarchal ideas of dependency, social status, morality and femininity.
We use words to communicate about things and kinds of things, their properties, relations and actions. Researchers are now creating robotic and simulated systems that ground language in machine ...perception and action, mirroring human abilities. A new kind of computational model is emerging from this work that bridges the symbolic realm of language with the physical realm of real-world referents. It explains aspects of context-dependent shifts of word meaning that cannot easily be explained by purely symbolic models. An exciting implication for cognitive modeling is the use of grounded systems to ‘step into the shoes’ of humans by directly processing first-person-perspective sensory data, providing a new methodology for testing various hypotheses of situated communication and learning.
The paper presented for simulating the complete physics of the second-order Stokes wave equation using CFD code ANSYS-FLUENT software and volume of fluid (VOF) method in a 2-D numerical wave tank ...(NWT). The main objective of this work is to study the effect of wave steepness on ocean waves in the intermediate depth of water at low Ursell numbers (
U
r
< 18). The inlet velocity method generates the second-order water wave in the numerical model for achieving this objective. Generally, three methods are used to generate the wave in a numerical wave tank: (1) inlet velocity method; (2) flap-type method; and (3) piston type method. I have used the inlet velocity method to generate the second-order water wave in the simulation. In this study, the simulation results of the model are compared with the analytical results. It shows that the accuracy of the numerical results is in good agreement with the analytical results. The MATLAB code solves the second-order Stokes wave equation. Six tests under different wave heights have been conducted at two regions in an NWT to analyze the wave theory. It also shows that high energy flow is concentrated near the free surface. It also shows that the nonlinearity effect increases with the increase of wave steepness and found horizontal and vertical velocity increases with wave steepness. This water wave study improves the coastal engineering application for further investigation and extracts wave energy from the ocean.
PDF
