Objective
To explore the association between three previously identified dietary patterns (Western, Prudent and Mediterranean) and prostate cancer (PCa) risk by tumour aggressiveness.
Subjects and ...Methods
The Spanish cohort of the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition study provided dietary and epidemiological information from 15 296 men recruited during the period 1992–1996. The associations between the adherence to the three dietary patterns and PCa risk (global, for Gleason grade groups 6 and >6, and for International Society of Urological Pathology ISUP grade 1 + 2 and ISUP grade 3 + 4 + 5) was explored with multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression models stratified by centre and age.
Results
While no effect on PCa risk was detected for the Prudent and Mediterranean dietary patterns, a suggestion of a detrimental effect of the Western dietary pattern was found (hazard ratio HRQ4vsQ1 1.29 95% confidence interval {CI} 0.96;1.72). This effect was only observed for Gleason grade group >6 (HRQ3vsQ1 1.61 95% CI 1.00; 2.59 and HRQ4vsQ1 1.60 95% CI 0.96; 2.67) and in particular ISUP grade 3 + 4 + 5 tumours (HRQ2vsQ1 1.97 95% CI 0.98; 3.93; HRQ3vsQ1 2.72 (95% CI 1.35; 5.51); HRQ4vsQ1 2.29 95% CI 1.07; 4.92).
Conclusions
Our results suggest that a high adherence to a healthy diet such as that represented by the Prudent and Mediterranean dietary patterns is not enough to prevent prostate cancer. Additionally, reducing adherence to a Western‐type diet seems to be necessary.
Background
Over 30% of local allergic rhinitis (LAR) patients self‐report bronchial symptoms suggestive of asthma, but the relationship between the allergen exposure and the bronchial symptoms has ...not been studied.
Objective
To investigate whether a bronchial counterpart of LAR exists.
Methods
Patients were classified by clinical history, skin prick test/serum specific IgE (sIgE), and nasal allergen provocation test (NAPT) into the LAR, allergic rhinitis (AR), and nonallergic rhinitis (NAR) phenotypes. Twenty‐eight LAR, 18 AR, and 19 NAR patients self‐reporting bronchial symptoms suggestive of asthma and 8 healthy controls (HC) were subjected to a methacholine test (MT) before (Visit 1) and 24 hours after (Visit 3) a bronchial provocation test with Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (BPT‐DP) (Visit 2). Induced sputum and peripheral blood obtained after each MT were analyzed for immune cell populations, tryptase, ECP, and sIgE.
Results
A positive MT was found in 50% of LAR, 83.3% of AR, 57.89% of NAR, and 0% of HC individuals (P = 0.022 AR vs LAR) at V1. BPT‐DP was positive in 8 LAR and 15 AR patients (28% vs 83.3%, P < 0.001), with no positive responses in NAR and HC. All BPT‐DP+ patients experienced a significant decrease of PC20 at V3 vs V1 (P = 0.016 LAR, P ≤ 0.001 AR). BPT‐DP+ patients also showed a significant increase of eosinophils, monocytes, and ECP in induced sputum at V3 compared with V1.
Conclusion
The results suggest the existence of a new asthma phenotype (local allergic asthma) defined by absence of systemic atopy and positivity to BPT with allergen.
Twenty‐eight percent of patients with house dust mite (HDM)–triggered local allergic rhinitis (LAR) and asthma‐like symptoms display positive bronchial allergen provocation test (BAPT) responses. In LAR patients, BAPT induces a significant increase in the airway hyperresponsiveness together with a recruitment and activation of eosinophils and monocytes. Collectively, these findings suggest the existence of differentiated asthma phenotype defined by the absence of atopy and positive response to BAPT. NAPT: Nasal allergen provocation test
Background: Dietary flavonoids and lignans may protect against several chronic diseases, but there is little evidence on the relationship between flavonoid and lignan intake and mortality. We ...investigated the association between both all-cause and specific-cause mortality and intake of flavonoids and lignans in the Spanish European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC-Spain) cohort. Methods: The EPIC-Spain study follows 40,622 participants (38% men) aged 29—69 years. A validated diet history questionnaire was administered at recruitment. A food composition database was compiled based on US Department of Agriculture and Phenol-Explorer databases. Cox proportional hazards models, adjusted for confounders, were used in the analyses. Results: During a mean follow-up of 13.6 years, 1915 deaths were reported, with 416 from cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) and 956 from cancer. After adjustment for several potential confounders, the hazard ratios (HRs) for the highest versus the lowest quintile of dietary flavanone and flavonol intakes were 0.60 (95% confidence interval = 0.38—0.94) and 0.59 (0.40—0.88). Total flavonoid intake was also associated with a decrease in all-cause mortality (0.71 0.49—1.03). Lignan intake was not associated with all-cause mortality. In cause-specific mortality analyses, using competing risk regressions, doubling total flavonoid intake was inversely related to mortality from CVD (HR for log 2 0.87 0.77—0.98), but not to mortality from either cancer (HR for log 2 0.96 0.89—1.04) or other causes (HR for log 2 0.97 0.87—1.09). Conclusions: A diet high in flavonoids, particularly in flavanones and flavonols, is associated with a reduction in all-cause mortality, mainly of mortality from CVD.
Hemp seeds (HS) constitute a rich nutrient source and contain γ‐linolenic acid (GLA, 18:3, n‐6), which is a healthy fatty acid (FA). The objectives of this research are i) to look for GLA‐rich ...varieties of unhusked hemp seeds (UHS) and commercial hulled hemp seeds (HHS); ii) to check the influence of different extracting systems on both oil yield and FA profiles; iii) to test a simultaneous oil extraction/GLA‐enrichment process looking to improve GLA content. Hop and European hackberry seeds (both from Cannabaceae family) are also analyzed for comparative purposes. GLA is the most discriminant FA among UHS varieties, ranging in both UHS and HHS seeds from 0.5% to 4.5% of total FA, while hop seeds are the richest GLA source from Cannabaceae (7.2% of total FA). The extraction system selected for hemp seeds processing has a clear influence on oil yields, although, the FA profiles are slightly modified. The use of n‐hexane and n‐hexane:acetone in extractions allows an improvement in oil yields at the same GLA percentage. A process comprising saponification and subsequent cooling allows the improvement of GLA percentage in both hemp and hop seeds extracts at values higher than 10% of total FA, at high yields (>70%).
Practical Applications: The global HS market increases significantly year after year and the demand of hemp products is increasing rapidly. The natural GLA sources in nature are limited, and although hemp contains GLA, this reaches low percentages in the oil. Hemp is a well‐established crop with highly standardized agricultural technologies, thus, the development of any well‐designed processes feasible for application in oil extraction industries, would allow the development of new GLA‐based functional seed oils. This would boost the development of the agricultural and food industries dedicated to revaluing hemp products.
In this study, gamma linolenic acid (GLA) occurrence is checked in hemp, hop, and European hackberry seeds. Different extracting systems are checked for oil extraction with the goal to improve GLA content. A process comprising saponification and subsequent cooling allowed improvement in GLA percentage in both hemp and hop seeds extracts at values higher than 10% of total FA, at high yields (>70%).
Purpose
To evaluate the effect of different non-osteoporotic drugs on the increase or decrease in the risk of incident fragility fractures (vertebral, humerus or hip) in a cohort of patients ...diagnosed with osteoporosis on active anti-osteoporotic therapy.
Methods
For this retrospective longitudinal study, baseline and follow-up data on prescribed non-osteoporotic treatments and the occurrence of vertebral, humerus or hip fractures in 993 patients from the OSTEOMED registry were analyzed using logistic regression models. The drugs evaluated with a possible beneficial effect were thiazides and statins, while the drugs evaluated with a possible harmful effect were antiandrogens, aromatase inhibitors, proton pump inhibitors, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, benzodiazepines, GnRH agonists, thyroid hormones, and oral and inhaled corticosteroids.
Results
Logistic regression analyses indicated that no treatment significantly improved fracture risk, with the only treatments that significantly worsened fracture risk being letrozole (OR = 0.18,
p
-value = 0.03) and oral corticosteroids at doses ≤ 5 mg/day (OR = 0.16,
p
-value = 0.03) and > 5 mg/day (OR = 0.27,
p
-value = 0.04).
Conclusion
The potential beneficial or detrimental effects of the different drugs evaluated on fracture risk are masked by treatment with anabolic or antiresorptive drugs that have a more potent action on bone metabolism, with two exceptions: letrozole and oral corticosteroids. These findings may have important clinical implications, as patients receiving these treatments are not fully protected by bisphosphonates, which may imply the need for more potent anti-osteoporotic drugs such as denosumab or teriparatide.
The purpose of this study is to evaluate the tear film dynamics between individuals with low and high Contact Lens Dry Eye Disease Questionnaire (CLDEQ-8) scores when wearing Lehfilcon A silicone ...hydrogel water gradient contact lenses. In this study, we implemented a longitudinal, single-location, self-comparison investigation. Variables measured included conjunctival redness, lipid layer thickness, tear meniscus height, first and mean non-invasive break-up time, CLDEQ-8, and standard patient evaluation of eye dryness (SPEED). In the second phase, participants were re-evaluated after 30 days of wearing the contact lenses to assess the tear film wearing the lenses. In a longitudinal comparison by group, we found that lipid layer thickness decreased 1.52 ± 1.38 (
< 0.01) and 0.70 ± 1.30 (
= 0.01) Guillon patterns degrees in the low and high CLDEQ-8 group, respectively. MNIBUT increased in 11.93 ± 17.93 (
< 0.01) and 7.06 ± 12.07 (
< 0.01) seconds. Finally, LOT increased in 22.19 ± 27.57 (
< 0.01) and 16.87 ± 25.09 (
< 0.01). In conclusion, this study demonstrates the effectiveness of Lehfilcon A silicone hydrogel water gradient contact lenses in improving tear film stability and reducing subjective dry eye symptoms in individuals with low and high CLDEQ-8 scores. However, it also led to an increase in conjunctival redness and a decrease in tear meniscus height.
Olive oil is well known for its cardioprotective properties; however, epidemiological data showing that olive oil consumption reduces incident CHD events are still limited. Therefore, we studied the ...association between olive oil and CHD in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) Spanish cohort study. The analysis included 40 142 participants (38 % male), free of CHD events at baseline, recruited from five EPIC-Spain centres from 1992 to 1996 and followed up until 2004. Baseline dietary and lifestyle information was collected using interview-administered questionnaires. Cox proportional regression models were used to assess the relationship between validated incident CHD events and olive oil intake (energy-adjusted quartiles and each 10 g/d per 8368 kJ (2000 kcal) increment), while adjusting for potential confounders. During a 10·4-year follow-up, 587 (79 % male) CHD events were recorded. Olive oil intake was negatively associated with CHD risk after excluding dietary mis-reporters (hazard ratio (HR) 0·93; 95 % CI 0·87, 1·00 for each 10 g/d per 8368 kJ (2000 kcal) and HR 0·78; 95 % CI 0·59, 1·03 for upper v. lower quartile). The inverse association between olive oil intake (per 10 g/d per 8368 kJ (2000 kcal)) and CHD was more pronounced in never smokers (11 % reduced CHD risk (P = 0·048)), in never/low alcohol drinkers (25 % reduced CHD risk (P < 0·001)) and in virgin olive oil consumers (14 % reduced CHD risk (P = 0·072)). In conclusion, olive oil consumption was related to a reduced risk of incident CHD events. This emphasises the need to conserve the traditional culinary use of olive oil within the Mediterranean diet to reduce the CHD burden.
Purpose:
The purpose of this study is to test non-inferiority of a lower dose of crosslinked hyaluronic acid (CLHA) to a higher dose of carmellose eye drop in menopause patients receiving ...antidepressant treatments.
Methods:
This prospective, double-blind, single-center study enrolled sixty female patients. Mean age was 63.25 ± 9.13 years. We examined patients with Schirmer I, breakup time (TBUT) and the ocular surface disease index (OSDI) at the first visit. Tear A eyedrops were formulated with crosslinked hyaluronic acid, coenzyme Q10 and vitamin E. Control tear B was formulated with carmellose sodium. Posology was two and five times, respectively.
Results:
After 2 months of treatment, the tear A obtained 14.12 ± 7.47 score points for OSDI (t = 11.74, p < 0.01), and tear B obtained 19.46 ± 10.03 score points (t = 7.59, p < 0.01). The tear A obtained 13.77 ± 7.78 score points for Schirmer test (t = 0.88, p > 0.05), and tear B obtained 14.20 ± 8.62 score points (t = 2.92, p < 0.01). The tear A obtained 8.30 ± 2.08 s for TBUT (t = 15.50, p < 0.01), and tear B obtained 7.23 ± 2.40 s (t = 8.79, p < 0.01).
Conclusion:
Lower total daily dose of crosslinked hyaluronic acid eyedrops obtained similar efficacy results in terms of tear stability and subjective dry eye sensation than higher carmellose total daily dose. A lower total daily dose of crosslinked eyedrops was sufficient to achieve better dry eye disease management compared to carmellose.
•Insects might become a key element of sustainable foods in the future.•The modification of the fatty acid composition of Hermetia illucens is proposed.•The amounts of EPA and DHA in insect meal ...increased by dietary manipulation.•These results could have a strong impact on the mass rearing of insects.
Insects can become a key element of sustainable foods in the future. However, terrestrial insects have high levels of saturated fatty acids (SFA) and are very low in very long change polyunsaturated fatty acids (VLCPUFA), which could limit their use as food. In this experiment, we studied the modification of the FA composition of Hermetia illucens larvae by varying the composition of the larval feed. The effects of diets enriched in n-3 VLCPUFA on FA compositions of insect larvae were studied. Eight experimental groups of larvae were fed with an experimental diet for different durations before slaughter. The addition of n-3 to the larval diets resulted in an insect meal with three times more n-3 and therefore a lower n-6:n-3 ratio than those of the control insect meal. The amounts of n-3 VLCPUFA in Hermetia larvae could be altered by dietary manipulation in a short period of time.
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