•Comparison of neuropsychological aspects of youngsters with anxiety disorders and controls.•Youngsters with anxiety disorders have poorer performances in some neuropsychological tasks.•Youngsters ...with anxiety disorders make more errors and take more time in tasks of cognitive planning.•Anxiety disorders in children and adolescents may have a negative impact on cognitive functioning.
Anxiety disorders are associated with poor neuropsychological performance in attention and memory. However, little is known about the impact of these difficulties on other cognitive functions, such as planning. The ability to plan, including attention, working memory and set-shifting components, can be assessed by the Tower of Hanoi task (ToH). This study evaluated seventy-one participants, aged from 7–17 years. Thirty-seven subjects met DSM-IV diagnostic criteria for at least one anxiety disorder and 34 individuals comprised the controls. The neuropsychological tests used were: the ToH, a problem-solving task, involves planning ability and other executive functions (working memory, attentional control and cognitive flexibility); for the assessment of processing speed and problem-solving, the Vocabulary/Matrix Reasoning subtests of the Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence was used to measure for estimated-IQ in both groups. The groups were compared with a generalized linear model controlling for age, IQ and ADHD comorbidity. Compared with controls, anxiety disorders subjects made more errors and required more time to complete the ToH. Children and adolescents with anxiety disorders have poorer planning ability compared to subjects without anxiety disorders, and the difficulty in planning is affected by interference from other cognitive functions, such as attention, working memory, cognitive flexibility and problems-solutions.
Evidence shows that metformin is an antidiabetic drug, which can exert favorable anti-inflammatory effects and decreased bone loss. The development of nanoparticles for metformin might be useful for ...increased therapeutic efficacy. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of metformin hydrochloride-loaded Poly (d,l-Lactide-
-glycolide) (PLGA)/(MET-loaded PLGA) on a ligature-induced periodontitis model in diabetic rats. MET-loaded PLGA were characterized by mean diameter, particle size, polydispensity index, and entrapment efficiency. Maxillae were scanned using Microcomputed Tomography (µCT) and histopathological and immunohistochemical analysis. IL-1β and TNF-α levels were analyzed by ELISA immunoassay. Quantitative RT-PCR was used (
,
,
, and
). The mean diameter of MET-loaded PLGA nanoparticles was in a range of 457.1 ± 48.9 nm (
< 0.05) with a polydispersity index of 0.285 (
< 0.05), Z potential of 8.16 ± 1.1 mV (
< 0.01), and entrapment efficiency (EE) of 66.7 ± 3.73. Treatment with MET-loaded PLGA 10 mg/kg showed low inflammatory cells, weak staining by RANKL, cathepsin K, OPG, and osteocalcin, and levels of IL-1β and TNF-α (
< 0.05), increased
expression gene (
< 0.05) and decreased
,
, and
(
< 0.05). It is concluded that MET-loaded PLGA decreased inflammation and bone loss in periodontitis in diabetic rats.
This study aimed to assess the association between oral health and rurality in an older Brazilian population. Population-based samples of 1,451 urban and 411 rural elders were obtained from two ...databases. Several oral health and related measures, including the number of teeth lost, use of dental prostheses, dental visits, self-reported oral health, and perceived need for a dental prosthesis, were compared. Oral health-related information was obtained by a trained research team with interviews conducted in the individuals' homes. Regression models were used to verify the association between living in rural areas and oral health outcomes after adjusting for possible confounding factors. The elderly population mostly comprised of women in rural or urban areas, and the mean age was 70 years in both locations. Less-educated individuals (without or with complete elementary schooling) were more common in rural regions than in urban areas. After adjustment for socioeconomic characteristics, living in rural areas was associated with a lower perceived need for dental prostheses (PR 0.68, 95% CI 0.56-0.84), poor self-reported oral health (OR 1.24; 95% CI 1.05-1.46), and having fewer teeth (β -1.31; 95% CI -2.18 to -0.45). The place of residence had a significant impact on oral health indicators, with rurality negatively influencing oral health. These findings suggest that preventive and curative strategies for dental services may be needed for the Brazilian rural population.
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