Research shows positive bystander intervention effectively mitigates bullying experiences. Yet, more evidence regarding bystander responses to bias‐based social exclusion (BSE) is needed in ...intergroup contexts, especially in the majority world and in areas of intractable conflict. This study assessed the effectiveness of skills and skills + contact‐based interventions for BSE among 148 Palestinian Citizens of Israel (Mage = 10.55) and 154 Jewish‐Israeli (Mage = 10.54) early adolescents (Girls = 52.32%) in Tel Aviv‐Yafo. Bystander responses were assessed by participants' reactions to hypothetical BSE scenarios over three time points. Repeated measures ANOVAs revealed both interventions significantly increased positive and decreased negative bystander responses, with changes maintained at the follow‐up. The opposite result pattern emerged for the control group. Findings suggest that both interventions can effectively encourage youth to publicly challenge BSE, even amidst intractable conflict.
The allotetraploid wild rice,
Oryza coarctata
grows in sea water and is the only halophyte which sets rice-like grains. It is a unique genetic resource for introducing salt tolerance into elite rice ...cultivars of
Oryza sativa
. Hybridization between these two remains unsuccessful. Our aim was to induce tetraploidization in the traditional Latisail cultivar of rice and compare its anatomical features to
O. coarctata
. Colchicine was used on the apical shoot tips of germinating seeds to produce the induced autotetraploid of
Oryza sativa
. Detailed anatomical comparisons of the leaves, stems, roots and chromosomes of the diploid and induced tetraploid of the Latisail variant of
O. sativa
and wild
O. coarctata
were carried out. Chromosomes of the induced tetraploid of
O. sativa
were shorter than diploid
O. sativa
, but longer than the 48 chromosomes in
O. coarctata.
The anatomical features of the induced tetraploid, like the number and size of bundle sheath cells, vascular bundle sizes and cuticle sizes were closer to that of the perennial allotetraploid,
O. coarctata.
It had more than twice the number of bulliform cells compared to the diploid and the number was similar to those found in
O. coarctata.
Crosses between the induced tetraploid and
O. coarctata
produced fertile offspring resembling
O. sativa
with evidence of small introgressions from
O. coarctata
pollens. The induced tetraploid of the Latisail variant of
O. sativa
and its progeny with
O. coarctata
are valuable plant genetic resources and may help introduce the vigorous halophytic traits of
O. coarctata
into commercial rice.
