Objectives
Recent scientific evidences suggest a relevant role of the oral cavity in the transmission and pathogenicity of SARS-CoV-2.
Methods
A literature search was performed in PubMed, up to April ...30, 2020, focusing on SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19, oral cavity, and antimicrobial agents.
Results
Oral viral load of SARS-CoV-2 has been associated with the severity of COVID-19, and thus, a reduction in the oral viral load could be associated with a decrease in the severity of the condition. Similarly, a decrease in the oral viral load would diminish the amount of virus expelled and reduce the risk of transmission, since (i) during the first 10 days, the virus mainly accumulates at the nasal, oral, and pharyngeal area; (ii) the number of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE2) receptor is greater in the salivary glands as compared with the lungs; and (iii) salivary droplets represent the most relevant transmission route. To reduce the oral viral load, antiseptic agents may be used, although the evidence on its efficacy is indirect and weak.
Conclusions
Antiseptic mouth rinses, such as those containing cetylpyridinium chloride or povidone-iodine, may be able to decrease the severity of COVID-19 by reducing oral viral load in infected subjects and decreasing the risk of transmission by limiting viral load in droplets, generated in normal life, or in aerosols, produced during dental procedures. Well-designed clinical and preclinical research must be conducted to support these hypotheses.
Clinical relevance
Antiseptic mouth rinses may help in decreasing the severity of COVID-19 and in reducing the risk of transmission.
Este artículo analiza el entorno nobiliario que integra la casa-corte del rey de Aragón desde el ejemplo de Alfonso el Magnánimo al inicio de su reinado (1416-1432), el periodo con mayor ...disponibilidad de fuentes al respecto. Se propone repensar ese colectivo cortesano desde una perspectiva sociopolítica amplia, más allá de una visión institucional y descriptiva. Se concibe la casa-corte como núcleo de una afinidad del rey, una forma de ejercer el poder que supone una vía clientelar de práctica de poder político y militar propia de estados monárquicos bajomedievales. Se analiza la naturaleza de este grupo noble cortesano, destacando el contraste entre los oficios y personal reglamentado y el nutrido personal inscrito en nómina, señalando la importancia de las funciones ejercidas como clientela nobiliaria regia multifuncional, todo ello a partir de los registros de cancillería y tesorería del rey. Se aporta igualmente una relación de los nobles y caballeros valencianos inscritos en la corte regia y a partir de los mismos se especifican perfiles de servicio en y desde la corte.
Aim
The aim of this systematic review was to evaluate the efficacy of anti‐plaque chemical formulations for managing gingivitis, in 6‐month, home‐use, randomised clinical trials (RCTs).
Material and ...Methods
A protocol was designed, including inclusion and exclusion criteria to identify RCTs assessing gingival and/or bleeding indices. Electronic and hand‐searches identified relevant papers, which were screened and evaluated for inclusion. Full‐papers were retrieved and relevant information was extracted (also plaque indices), including quality and risk of bias. Mean treatment effects were calculated to obtain weighted mean differences (WMD) and 95% confidence intervals.
Results
After the process of screening and selection, 87 articles with 133 comparisons, were included in the review. The additional effects of the tested products were statistically significant in terms of Löe & Silness gingival index (46 comparisons, WMD −0.217), modified gingival index (n = 23, −0.415), gingivitis severity index (n = 26, −14.939%) or bleeding index (n = 23, −7.626%), with significant heterogeneity. For plaque, additional effects were found for Turesky (66 studies, WMD −0.475), Silness & Löe (n = 26, −0.109), and plaque severity (n = 12, −23.4%) indices, with significant heterogeneity.
Conclusion
Within the limitations of the present study, formulations with specific agents for chemical plaque control provide statistically significant improvements in terms of gingival, bleeding and plaque indices.
Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) covered with cationic carbosilane dendrons and PEG ligands have been synthesized in order to improve antibacterial, biocompatibility and antifouling properties of ...dendronized AgNPs.
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This work focuses on preparation of silver nanoparticles (AgNP) covered with cationic carbosilane dendrons and poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG). It is well known that AgNP and cationic carbosilane dendritic systems present antibacterial properties. On the other hand, PEG ligand provides antifouling properties and improved biocompatibility. Hence, combination of both ligands, carbosilane dendrons and PEG, on the AgNP surface can be a way to improve antibacterial capacity of AgNP. The new family of heterofunctionalized AgNP has been directly synthesized using silver precursor and cationic carbosilane dendrons and PEG ligands containing a thiol moiety. AgNP were characterized by TEM, TGA, UV, 1H NMR, DLS, Z potential, XRD. The antibacterial capacity of these systems was evaluated against E. coli and S. aureus. The results confirmed the influence of both silver core and cationic carbosilane dendrons on the activity of these systems. The behaviour obtained for PEGylated systems were slightly lower than for non-PEGylated AgNP. However, hemolysis assays demonstrated that this decrease was compensated for by the greater biocompatibility. To more completely characterize the improvements of PEGylation on dendronized AgNP, one non-PEGylated and one PEGylated AgNP were tested for resistance in a planktonic state. Both AgNPs barely affected the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) whereas reference antibiotics generated significant resistance. In addition, relevant improvement in biofilm inhibition was achieved by dendronized AgNP after PEGylation.
Se describen a los micro-papers como formatos novedosos e incipientes para la difusión del conocimiento científico, tanto en revistas científicas como a través de otros métodos nativos del Internet ...(repositorios, blogs, etcétera). Planteamos la importancia de la utilización de este formato reducido de comunicación de la ciencia para transmitir ciertos tipos de hallazgos, pues presenta una condensación de la información básica en un documento breve, de fácil lectura y con amplia audiencia, sin perder la calidad propia de los trabajos científicos revisados. Para ello, se realiza un estudio descriptivo de carácter exploratorio por medio de una revisión bibliográfica que ahonda en su uso actual y experiencias previas. Concluimos que su viabilidad para la difusión de contenidos científicos concretos busca la agilidad, sin que ello implique la pérdida de la calidad en la difusión científica.
Se lleva a cabo un análisis reflexivo sobre la relación existente entre la Ciencia y la Universidad desde diversas perspectivas: investigación, docencia y gobernanza. Se parte de una premisa ...fundamental y es que la hibridación de saberes, disciplinas, áreas y departamentos es una realidad social e investigadora que aún no se ha desarrollado en la Academia. Esta tardanza en ser un reflejo de la sociedad en general y de la micro-sociedad universitaria en particular dificulta las labores de investigación y de actualización de los contenidos impartidos en el grado. Se realizan propuestas de cambio en los tres niveles analizados del sistema universitario con el fin de adaptarlos a la realidad cambiante generada por una sociedad dinámica.
Melem (2,6,10-triamino-s-heptazine) is the building block of melon, a carbon nitride (CN) polymer that is proven to produce H2 from water under visible illumination. With the aim of bringing ...additional insight into the electronic structure of CN materials, we performed a spectroscopic characterization of gas-phase melem and of a melem-based self-assembled 2D H-bonded layer on Au(111) by means of ultraviolet and X-ray photoemission spectroscopy (UPS, XPS) and near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) spectroscopy. In parallel, we performed density functional theory (DFT) simulations of the same systems to unravel the molecular charge density redistribution caused by the in-plane H-bonds. Comparing the experimental results with the spectroscopic DFT simulations, we can correlate the induced charge accumulation on the Namino atoms to the red-shift of the corresponding N 1s binding energy (BE) and of the Namino 1s → LUMO+n transitions. Moreover, when introducing a supporting Au(111) surface in the computational simulations, we observe a molecule–substrate interaction that almost exclusively involves the out-of-plane molecular orbitals, leaving those engaged in the in-plane H-bonded network rather unperturbed.
The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of teleworking on self-reported job satisfaction and workers’ productivity in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. A survey was administered to ...331 teleworkers belonging to industrial companies, whose data were analyzed with a PLS-SEM structural equation model. The results indicate that communication with coworkers, time spent teleworking, and workplace suitability positively affect self-reported productivity, while trust on the part of supervisors and workplace suitability positively affect job satisfaction. On the other hand, work-family conflict negatively affects job satisfaction and self-reported productivity, whereas communication with coworkers, support from supervisor and time spent teleworking have no significant effect on job satisfaction. This study provides relevant information for industrial organizations to improve the job-satisfaction and productivity in large scaled teleworking contexts, as should have been implemented during the mandatory preventive isolation due to the health crisis related to the transmission of SARs-CoV-2.
We characterised 80 Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from human patients with SSTIs at a rural hospital in Ethiopia. Susceptibility to antibiotic of all strains was tested. The MLST method was ...used to type and a phylogenetic analysis was conducted employing the sequences of 7 housekeeping genes. PCR amplification was used to investigate the presence of the following virulence genes in all strains: hla (α-haemolysin), tstH (toxic shock syndrome toxin), luk PV (Panton-Valentine leukocidin), fnbA (fibronectin binding protein A) and mecA (methicillin resistance). Most of the strains were resistant to penicillin and ampicillin, but only 3 strains were resistant to oxacillin, and 1 of them was a true MRSA. The MLST results showed a high diversity of sequence types (ST), 55% of which were new, and ST152 was the most prevalent. A phylogeny study showed that many of the new STs were phylogenetically related to other previously described STs, but bore little relationship to the only ST from Ethiopia described in the database. Virulence gene detection showed a high prevalence of strains encoding the hla, fnbA and pvl genes (98.77%, 96.3% and 72.84%, respectively), a low prevalence of the tst gene (13.58%) and a markedly low prevalence of MRSA (1.25%). S. aureus strains isolated from patients in a rural area in Ethiopia showed low levels of antibiotic resistance, except to penicillin. Moreover, this study reveals new STs in Eastern Africa that are phylogenetically related to other previously described STs, and confirm the high prevalence of the pvl gene and the low prevalence of MRSA on the continent.
The aim of this study was to evaluate the inflammation process that resulted from the inoculation of Wistar Rats with Acanthamoeba griffini, a virulent T3 Acanthamoeba genotype that produces ...keratitis. Haematoxylin and eosin, periodic acid stain, immunohistochemistry and morphometry were used to analyse tissues from rats of an Acanthamoeba keratitis (AK) model. Two weeks after inoculating the rats with A griffini trophozoites, the thickness of the stroma had diminished, followed by an increase in thickness at 4 weeks. At the latter time, an abundance of inflammatory infiltrate cells was observed, some found to express IL‐1β, IL‐10 and/or caspase 3. Intercellular adhesion molecule‐1 was expressed in corneal blood vessels amid the abundant vascularization characteristic of the development of AK. Through an immunohistochemical technique, trophozoites were detected at 2 and 4 weeks post‐inoculation. By 8 weeks, there were a low number of trophozoites and cysts and the corneas of infected rats were similar in thickness to those of the controls. Thus, the rats were capable of healing experimental AK in the present rat model. Diverse immunological mechanisms regulated the inflammatory process in acute AK induced by A griffini in a murine model.
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