We present an efficient packet transmission strategy for massively multiplayer online first-person shooter (MMOFPS) games using movement-adaptive packet transmission interval. The player motion in ...FPS games shows a wide spectrum of movement variability both in speed and orientation, where there is room for reducing the number of packets to be transmitted to the server depending on the predictability of the character's movement. In this work, the degree of variability (nonlinearity) of the player movements is measured at every packet transmission to calculate the next transmission time, which implements the adaptive transmission frequency according to the amount of movement change. Server-side prediction with a few auxiliary heuristics is performed in concert with the incoming packets to ensure reliability for synchronizing the connected clients. The comparison of our method with the previous fixed-interval transmission scheme is presented by demonstrating them using a test game environment. 본 논문은 클라이언트-서버 방식을 사용하는 대규모 1인칭 온라인 슈터 게임(MMOFPS)에서의 네트워크 부하를 줄이기 위한 효율적인 적응적 패킷전송 주기 방법을 제안한다. 플레이어 움직임에 있어서 빠르고 지속적인 변화와 정적이고 선형적인 상태가 다양하게 공존하는 FPS 게임의 특성상 변화의 정도에 따라 서버로의 패킷 전송량을 절약할 수 있는 지점들이 존재하는데, 이를 위해 본 논문에서는 클라이언트가 매 패킷을 전송할 때마다 플레이어의 위치 및 움직임 변수들의 변화량을 측정하여 이를 기반으로 다음번 패킷이 전송되어야 할 시간 간격을 계산한다. 서버 측에서는 받은 패킷의 정보들을 사용하여 다음 패킷이 도착할 때까지의 공백을 메우기 위해 위치 예측을 수행하여 모든 클라이언트에게 브로드캐스팅을 하게 된다. 긴 패킷 전송 간격으로 인한 예측 오차를 줄이기 위하여 전송 간격 최대한계치와 이중 패킷전송 등의 추가적 작업을 수행한다. 결과의 효율성을 보이기 위해 테스트 게임 환경을 구축하여 기존의 고정된 패킷전송 주기 시스템과의 비교분석을 수행하였다.
Hierarchical structures in nature provide unique functions for living organisms that can inspire technology. Nanoscale hierarchical structured surfaces are essential to realize the dual functions of ...non-wetting and transparency for applications such as cover glasses and windows; however, these structures are challenging to fabricate. In this study, nano-hierarchical structured glass surfaces were fabricated using multi-step colloidal lithography and etching to obtain tunable morphology. Nanostructured surfaces of mono-pillar structures of diameter 120 and 350 nm and hierarchical-pillar structures of their combinations exhibited superhydrophobicity after perfluoropolyether coating. In particular, the hierarchical nanosurfaces showed excellent non-wetting properties with the apparent, advancing, and receding water contact angles exceeding 177° and contact angle hysteresis below 1°. Water bouncing behaviors - contact time, spreading diameter, and shape of the bouncing motion were also evaluated according to the Weber number to examine the robustness of superhydrophobicity. Hierarchical nanosurfaces showed larger spreading diameters than mono-nanosurfaces with 14 bounces, indicating minimal energy loss from friction, as can be explained by the effective slip length. Furthermore, the nano-hierarchical structures exhibited better transmittance for wide angles of incidence up to 70° than mono-nanostructures owing to their reduced scattering area and multi-periodicity.
Tailored nanohierarchical pillars on glass surface
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multistep colloidal lithography exhibit extreme superhydrophobicity and wide angular transmittance. Nonwetting excellency of hierarchy is evaluated with bouncing number and effective slip length.
Zirconium oxides were deposited using plasma-enhanced atomic layer deposition (PEALD) involving (2-(N-methylamino)1-MethylEthyleneCyclopentadienyl)Bis(DiMethylAmino)Zr (abbreviated as CMEN-Zr) and ...oxygen plasma as zirconium and oxygen sources. The zirconium oxide thin films demonstrate temperature-independent growth rates per cycle of 0.94 A/cycle at 150–215 °C. The deposited ZrO2 thin films were characterized using numerous analytical tools, i.e., X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy for chemical bonding state and composition, X-ray diffraction for crystallinity, atomic force microscopy for surface morphology, field-emission scanning electron microscopy for cross-sectional analysis, spectroscopic ellipsometry and UV–visible spectrophotometry for optical characterization, capacitance–voltage measurements for dielectric constants and atomic defects, and current–voltage characteristics for electrical information. The insulating features of the crystalline and stoichiometric ZrO2 films were implemented in the anode composites to evaluate the influence of ALD-based nano-features on the electrochemical performance of solid oxide fuel cells, with the main emphasis on anode performance. The presence of nanomaterials on Ni/YSZ anode composites is analyzed to determine the negative effects on electrochemical performance and the degradation of cell performance of solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs). The artificial design was proven to be effective in controlling the cell performance as long as proper material design was adopted in SOFC electrodes.
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