It is often hypothesized that transportation infrastructure investment have a positive impact on economic growth and that economic growth also imposes needs for further infrastructure development. ...This paper proposes a structural equation model (SEM) to comprehensively consider the bi-directional relationship between multimodal transportation investment and economic development. To account for the complicated interactions between transportation investment and economic growth, travel demand is added as an endogenous variable in the model system. In addition, the SEM model system is formulated with variables that reflect transportation supply in geographically adjacent areas to investigate spatial spillover effects. Empirical analysis based on a panel dataset at the reginal level in China from 1986 to 2011 is conducted. Results show transportation investment in the current region or other regions have impacts on economic growth, but are obviously different at national level and provincial level. These differences can be associated with phases of economic development, transportation investment policy, transportation infrastructure service level, spillovers from other regions, as well as reform policies carried out by the central government.
•We developed a structural equation model to comprehensively consider the bi-directional relationship between multimodal transportation investment and economic development.•Spatial spillover effects are taken into account in the model and verified to exist from the results.•The magnitude of the economic impacts of multimodal transportation investment differs at the regional level.
This work investigated the changes of free phenolics and peptides and their synergistic interaction in total antioxidant properties of defatted wheat germ (DWG) by the fermentation of Bacillus ...subtilis. DWG hydrolysates were found to have a significantly higher (P < 0.05) total phenolic content (26.09mg Gallic acid equivalent (GAE) g−1 extract, dry weight) than non-fermented DWG (10.55mg GAE g−1). Fermentation resulted in an increase in free phenolics (from 15% to 95% of total phenolic content), while a decrease in bound phenolics throughout the process. Fermentation changed the mode of polyphenol-protein interaction and promoted the release of free phenols. Meanwhile, there was an increase in peptide content (4.31% to 29.68%) within 48h and followed by a decrease. The effects of peptides on the antioxidant activity were more significant than that of phenolic compounds in the early fermentation stage, but it was opposite in the later stage of fermentation. The antioxidant activity (~80%) was a positive correlation (R2 = 0.972 and R2 = 0.937, respectively) to both of phenolic content and peptide content during the fermentation due to the synergistic effects. Bacillus subtilis fermentation is an alternative for the production of phenolic and peptide compounds and enhancing antioxidant activity of the defatted wheat germ.
Carbon dot (CD)-based luminescent materials have attracted great attention in optical anti-counterfeiting due to their excellent photophysical properties in response to ultraviolet-to-visible ...excitation. Hence, there is an urgent need for the general synthesis of CD-based materials with multimode luminescence properties and high stability; however, their synthesis remains a formidable challenge. Herein, CDs were incorporated into a Yb,Tm-doped YF3 matrix to prepare CDs@YF3:Yb,Tm composites. The YF3 plays a dual role, not only serving as a host for fixing rare earth luminescent centers but also functioning as a rigid matrix to stabilize the triplet state of the CDs. Under the excitation of 365 nm ultraviolet light and 980 nm near-infrared light, CDs@YF3:Yb,Tm exhibited blue fluorescence and green room-temperature phosphorescence of CDs and upconversion luminescence of Tm3+, respectively. Due to the strong protection of the rigid matrix, the stability of CDs@YF3:Yb,Tm is greatly improved. This work provides a general synthesis strategy for achieving multimode luminescence and high stability of CD-based luminescent materials and offers opportunities for their applications in advanced anti-counterfeiting and information encryption.
