Small RNAs target their complementary chromatin regions for gene silencing through nascent long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs). In the ciliated protozoan
, the interaction between Piwi-associated small ...RNAs (scnRNAs) and the nascent lncRNA transcripts from the somatic genome has been proposed to induce target-directed small RNA degradation (TDSD), and scnRNAs not targeted for TDSD later target the germline-limited sequences for programmed DNA elimination. In this study, we show that the SUMO E3 ligase Ema2 is required for the accumulation of lncRNAs from the somatic genome and thus for TDSD and completing DNA elimination to make viable sexual progeny. Ema2 interacts with the SUMO E2 conjugating enzyme Ubc9 and enhances SUMOylation of the transcription regulator Spt6. We further show that Ema2 promotes the association of Spt6 and RNA polymerase II with chromatin. These results suggest that Ema2-directed SUMOylation actively promotes lncRNA transcription, which is a prerequisite for communication between the genome and small RNAs.
2'-O-Methylation (Nm) represents one of the most common RNA modifications. Nm affects RNA structure and function with crucial roles in various RNA-mediated processes ranging from RNA silencing, ...translation, self versus non-self recognition to viral defense mechanisms. Here, we identify two Nm methyltransferases (Nm-MTases) in Drosophila melanogaster (CG7009 and CG5220) as functional orthologs of yeast TRM7 and human FTSJ1. Genetic knockout studies together with MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry and RiboMethSeq mapping revealed that CG7009 is responsible for methylating the wobble position in tRNAPhe, tRNATrp and tRNALeu, while CG5220 methylates position C32 in the same tRNAs and also targets additional tRNAs. CG7009 or CG5220 mutant animals were viable and fertile but exhibited various phenotypes such as lifespan reduction, small RNA pathways dysfunction and increased sensitivity to RNA virus infections. Our results provide the first detailed characterization of two TRM7 family members in Drosophila and uncover a molecular link between enzymes catalyzing Nm at specific tRNAs and small RNA-induced gene silencing pathways.
Abstract 2′-O-Methylation (Nm) represents one of the most common RNA modifications. Nm affects RNA structure and function with crucial roles in various RNA-mediated processes ranging from RNA ...silencing, translation, self versus non-self recognition to viral defense mechanisms. Here, we identify two Nm methyltransferases (Nm-MTases) in Drosophila melanogaster (CG7009 and CG5220) as functional orthologs of yeast TRM7 and human FTSJ1. Genetic knockout studies together with MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry and RiboMethSeq mapping revealed that CG7009 is responsible for methylating the wobble position in tRNAPhe, tRNATrp and tRNALeu, while CG5220 methylates position C32 in the same tRNAs and also targets additional tRNAs. CG7009 or CG5220 mutant animals were viable and fertile but exhibited various phenotypes such as lifespan reduction, small RNA pathways dysfunction and increased sensitivity to RNA virus infections. Our results provide the first detailed characterization of two TRM7 family members in Drosophila and uncover a molecular link between enzymes catalyzing Nm at specific tRNAs and small RNA-induced gene silencing pathways.
Two hundred potable water samples were garnered from myriad rustic areas of Pakistan. These were perceptible by fifty illustrative individually from Khyber Pukhtoonkhuwa (KPK), Punjab, Sindh and ...Baluchistan. From the bacteriological appraisal, it was corroborated that indispensible turfs of Pakistan such has Sindh and Khyber Pukhtoonkhuwa aqua founts was hexed with boisterous total colony counts i.e. (38%) and (40%) on average for samples enthralling >5700 bacterial count. Abiding preposterous intensity of fecal E.coli, Enterococci, Streptococci and other pathogens cardinally Pseudomonas, Clostridia pose inimical predicament by ameliorating recrudescence of water borne contagion. The deemed magnitude of sullied potable water is (52%) which according to World Health Organization, this grade of water is bacteriologically ominous and government and citizenry should apprehend worthwhile and optimistic approaches to cope the egregious circumstance of the country.
100 urine specimens were cumulated for microbial urinalysis and antibiotic susceptibility appraisal, further infection boutade survey concerning gender and age was executed. From the microbial ...urinalysis, it was exonerated that stereotyped urinary micro-organisms were Escherichia coli, Enterococci, Klebsiella pneumonia, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococci species, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Candida albicans which were isolated from 28 affirmative specimens. Escherichia coli (54%) and Klebsiella pneumonia (25%) were imperious bacterial species having same resistivity impressions as Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Enterococcus was exceptionally resistant bacterial specie, while Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococci species were profoundly sensitive in sentiment to the exquisite antibiotics. Gender and age based survey adjured that fecunds and individuals beyond age of 50s are crucially supine to intermittent urinary infections, thus demands legitimate sanitation regime of privy lots.
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