The purpose of this study was to establish the normal renal artery parameters in German Shepherd dogs. Consequently, the acquired values can be applied to the subsequent clinical research and the ...interpretation of the findings. Doppler ultrasound was used in this study to assess 24 healthy German shepherd dogs, including 11 female dogs (45.8%) and 13 male dogs (54.2%). The mean age of the dogs was 2.7 years (minimum age of 9 months and maximum age of 15 years) with a standard deviation of 1.07. The Doppler parameters in the renal arteries were evaluated in each case together with their normal values. The mean PSV and EDV in the major renal arteries were 84.07 cm/s and 44.46 cm/s, respectively. Mean PSV, EDV, RI, and AT for intrarenal arteries were 64.81 cm/s, 33.03 cm/s, 0.54 cm/s, and 36.53 m/s, respectively. The findings of the current study represent the typical renal artery parameters in healthy German Shepherd dogs that can be applied to clinical examinations and the interpretation of test results.
Background
Obtaining accurate knowledge of the anatomical structure of the skull helps in ontogenetic studies and determining sexual polymorphisms.
Objectives
This study uses anatomical dissection ...and radiography to develop a size standard for the skull of the Saanen goat; information that will be applied to clinical evaluation and decision‐making.
Methods
A total of 14 adult Saanen goat skulls (7 male and 7 female goats) were taken from the slaughterhouse and transferred to the clinic of the Faculty of Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran. Radiographs of each skull were prepared in the dorsal–ventral, left and right lateral recumbency. These heads were then brought over to the anatomy department, where the chosen morphometric traits were assessed and their means recorded.
Results
According to the findings of this study, the dorsal view of the skull revealed an incisive raphe and a widespread foramen of the nose. In the ventral view, the incisive bones were observed in the most cranial region of the skull. The base of the occipital bone was relatively large, and the jugular process was well‐developed. In the lateral view, the incisive bone was extended to the cranial and had a narrow process on the dorsal surface. Regarding infra‐orbital foramen, it was visible in the maxillary bone. Moreover, the lacrimal bone was perceived as a distinct bone.
Conclusion
The precise standards acquired in this study can be utilized to interpret the findings and make clinical decisions about the normal and abnormal size of the bones that make up the skulls of the Saanen goats.
The current study aimed to evaluate the anatomical and radiological structure of the Saanen goat skull. The precise standards acquired in this study can be utilized to interpret the findings and make clinical decisions about the normal and abnormal size of the bones that make up the skulls of the Saanen goats.
Despite the progress made in the diagnosis and treatment of cancer, it has remained the second cause of death in industrial countries. Cancer is a complex multifaceted disease with unique genomic and ...proteomic hallmarks. Optogenetics is a biological approach, in which the light-sensitive protein modules in combination with effector proteins that trigger reversibly fundamental cell functions without producing a long-term effect. The technology was first used to address some key issues in neurology. Later on, it was also used for other diseases such as cancer. In the case of cancer, there exist several signaling pathways with key proteins that are involved in the initiation and/or progression of cancer. Such aberrantly expressed proteins and the related signaling pathways need to be carefully investigated in terms of cancer diagnosis and treatment, which can be managed with optogenetic tools. Notably, optogenetics systems offer some advantages compared to the traditional methods, including spatial-temporal control of protein or gene expression, cost-effective and fewer off-target side effects, and reversibility potential. Such noticeable features make this technology a unique drug-free approach for diagnosis and treatment of cancer. It can be used to control tumor cells, which is a favorable technique to investigate the heterogeneous and complex features of cancerous cells. Remarkably, optogenetics approaches can provide us with outstanding tool to extend our understanding of how cells perceive, respond, and behave in meeting with complex signals, particularly in terms of cancer evasion from the anticancer immune system functions.
The current study radiographically and histologically evaluated the effects of meloxicam and flunixin meglumine on the repair of radial bone defects in a rabbit model. Ninety New Zealand White ...rabbits (10-12 months, 1.5-2.6 kg) were randomly assigned into three groups. Following anesthesia, defects were created on the medial surface of the radius bone of the left forelimb with a diameter and depth of 3 mm. The animals were administrated meloxicam, flunixin meglumine, and physiological serum (positive control) subcutaneously each day for 10 days. Hematoxylin and Eosin and Goldner’s trichrome stainings, along with radiograph images were prepared to investigate the effects of the administered agents. The results did not show callus formation in bone defects on days 3 and 7. Defects were filled in meloxicam and positive control groups on day 14, while they were filled on day 21 in the flunixin meglumine group. On days 14 and 21, the meloxicam group outperformed the flunixin meglumine group in terms of callus formation, but it was higher in the flunixin meglumine group on day 28. It could be concluded that the administration of meloxicam is less effective in delaying the bone healing process.
Introduction:
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the main health burden worldwide, which can cause major economic and physiological problems along with relatively high rate of mortality. It is ...important to develop new methods for the localized delivery of recombinant protein therapeutics, in large part due to the failure of conventional therapies in most cases. Since
E. coli
Nissle 1917 (EcN) does not produce any virulence factors, here we used these bacteria with the light-activated promoter system to deliver therapeutic agents in the desired location and time.
Methods:
In this study,
Staphylococcus aureus
alpha hemolysin (SAH), after codon usage optimization, was cloned into blue light activating vector (pDawn) and transferred to EcN strain. Then, the functionality and cytotoxicity of secreted alpha hemolysin was evaluated in the SW480 colon cancer cell line by using different experiments, including blood agar test, flow cytometry analysis, and DAPI staining.
Results:
Our findings revealed that EcN can produce functional SAH under the blue light irradiation against SW480 cancer cells. Moreover, cytotoxicity assays confirmed the dose- and time-dependent toxicity of this payload (SAH) against SW480 cancer cells.
Conclusion:
Based on our results, EcN is proposed as an appropriate light-activated vehicle for delivery of anticancer agents to the target cancer cells/tissues.
Chemotherapies used to treat colon cancer might often fail due to the emergence of chemoresistance and side effects.
Nissle 1917 (EcN) is a beneficial probiotic, whose molecular mechanisms in the ...prevention of colon cancer are yet to be fully understood. The present study assessed the anti-cancer effects of EcN treatments in human colorectal cancer, HT-29 cell line, with the analysis of related mechanisms.
The co-culture conditioned-media (CM) of EcN with adenocarcinoma HT-29 cells and heat-inactivated bacteria (HIB) were applied for the treatment of the HT-29 cells. To study the inhibition potential of CM and HIB on cancer cells, various cellular/molecular analyses were implemented, including DAPI-staining and DNA ladder assays, flow cytometry and Real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR), as well as Western blotting analyses.
Our results indicated that EcN could elicit apoptotic impacts on the colon cancer HT-29 cells by up-regulating
and
and down-regulating
and
genes.
Based on our findings, EcN is proposed as a useful supplemental probiotic treatment against colon cancer.
Despite the abundant literature on the use of selective dorsal rhizotomy (SDR) in spastic cerebral palsy, no investigation has evaluated its use in adult patients with chronic spinal cord injury ...(SCI)-induced spasticity. The present investigation aimed to evaluate the safety and potential efficacy of SDR in chronic SCI-induced spasticity for the first time.
In this open-label, single-arm, non-randomized clinical trial, all patients were assigned to the single study intervention arm and underwent SDR. The primary outcome measure was the safety profile of SDR. Secondary outcome measures were Modified Ashworth Scale, Penn Spasm Frequency Scale, visual analog scale for spasticity, Spinal Cord Injury Spasticity Tool, Spinal Cord Independence measure version III, and Short Form 36 Health Survey Questionnaire.
Six patients with cervical SCI and 4 with thoracic SCI were allocated to the single study intervention arm. No adverse event attributable to the SDR was found. Moreover, all secondary outcome measures of the study improved significantly over the study period (P < 0.001). Multiple regression analysis also found a significant association between level of injury and changes in average Modified Ashworth Scale scores (P = 0.041), Spinal Cord Injury Spasticity Tool score (P = 0.013), and Spinal Cord Independence measure version III total (P = 0.002) and mobility domain scores (P = 0.004) at 12-month postoperatively.
This clinical trial indicated that SDR is a safe and potentially effective procedure in patients with severe and intractable SCI-induced spasticity. However, future clinical trials with larger sample sizes and adequate power are required to validate our findings regarding efficacy.
Background and Aim: Cerebrovascular brain incidents especially brain aneurysm ruptures are a major cause of death and disability. Monitoring Somatosensory Evoked Potential (SSEP) and corresponding ...changes are used for identifying cerebral ischemia and predicting neuronal injuries during using temporary clips in brain aneurysm surgeries. This approach limits integrated performance evaluation for somatosensory and cortex paths. Methods and Materials/Patients: This clinical trial study was conducted on the patients who were candidate for anterior cerebral circulation aneurysm surgery during 2017-2018 in Rasul Akram Hospital. SSEP monitoring was performed related to the median nerve in the contralateral wrist to examine the Middle Cerebral Artery (MCA) and posterior tibialis nerve in the contralateral ankle to examine Anterior Cerebral Artery (ACA) during the surgery procedure. Incentive parameters with a power of 5 to 25 milliampere and corresponding duration of 0.2 milliseconds and waves with a frequency of 3.3 Hertz were registered. Before locating temporary clips, SSEP was extracted as a baseline from every patient and then recorded. Results: Totally 9 patients (9 aneurysms) were studied. Three of them were men and 6 patients women. The age of patients ranged 39-78 years. The clinical status of patients was assessed using the Hunt-Hess scale. Five cases were classified as grade 1, 2 cases as grade 2, and 2 cases as grade 3. Among 9 aneurysms, 7 cases were about A.com artery and 2 cases were in connection with MCA artery, having the size of 5 to 11 millimeters. Friedman test was applied to explore average latency change percentage and amplitude change percentage in 1st, 2nd, and 3rd minutes for the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd clips where the results were significantly different (P=0.050). Conclusion: Neuromonitoring can be used as an index for examining tissue perfusion level of the brain and help to prevent accidental ischemic injuries of the brain followed by temporary clipping.
•A new reliability model for redundant SRSs utilising Markov chains is introduced.•The proposed model incorporates process demand in low demand mode of operation.•Redundant configurations enhance ...safety and reliability performance of SRSs.•Assessment entails dangerous undetected, common cause failures and repair rates.•Advantages of the new reliability model against IEC 61508 approach were observed.
Common Cause Failures (CCFs) can compromise reliability performance of safety related systems and hence configurations with identical redundant units receive special attention in many industries, including in automotive, aviation and process applications. This paper introduces a new reliability model for redundant safety related systems using Markov analysis technique. The proposed model entails process demand in conjunction with CCF and established system failure modes such as dangerous undetected failures for the first time and evaluates their impact on the reliability performance of the system. The reliability of the safety related systems is measured using the Probability of Failure on Demand (PFD) for low demand systems. The safety performance of the system is also appraised using Hazardous Event Frequency (HEF) to quantify the frequency of system entering a hazardous state that will lead to an accident if the situation is not controlled accordingly. The accuracy of the proposed Markov model is verified for a case study of flammable liquid storage tank overpressure protection system. It is demonstrated that the proposed approach provides sufficiently robust results for all demand rates, demand durations, dangerous undetected and CCF frequencies and associated repair rates for redundant safety related systems utilised in low demand mode of operation.
Introduction: Application of nanoparticles has been extensively increased in last decades. Nanoparticles of noble metals such as gold, platinum and especially silver are widely applied in medical and ...pharmaceutical applications. Although, variety of physical and chemical methods has been developed for production of metal nanoparticles, because of destructive effects of them on environment, biosynthetic methods have been suggested as a novel alternative. Some bacteria and microalgae have different ranges of potentiality to uptake metal ions and produce nanoparticles during detoxification process. In the present work, we study the potential of three Lactobacilli and three algal species in production of AgNPs in different concentrations of silver nitrate. Methods: Utilizing AAS, XRD and TEM methods, Nannochloropsis oculata, Dunaliella salina and Chlorella vulgaris as three algal species in addition to three Lactobacilli including L. acidophilus, L. casei, L. reuteri were monitored for production of silver nanoparticles. Three concentrations of AgNO3 (0.001, 0.002, 0.005 M) and two incubation times (24h and 48h) were included in this study. Results: Our findings demonstrated that C. vulgaris, N. oculata and L. acidophilus have the potential of nanosilver production in a culture medium containing 0.001 M of AgNO3 within 24 hours. Also L. casei and L. reuteri species exhibited their potential for production of silver nanoparticles in 0.002 M concentration of AgNO3 in 24 hours. The size range of particles was approximately less than 15 nm. The uptake rate of silver in the five species was between 1.0 to 2.7 mg/g of dry weight. Nanoparticle production was not detected in other treatments and the algae Dunaliella. Conclusion: The biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles in all of three Lactobacilli and two algal species including N. oculata and C. vulgaris was confirmed.
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