This research studied the morphology of seeds and seedlings, in addition to obtaining information about the type and time of germination of sweet lemon seeds in five substrates (on blotting paper, ...between blotting paper, on washed sterilized sand, between washed sterilized sand and in paper roll). C. limetta seeds were measured, and external description was performed. Afterwards, sown in the sand and kept at 25 ºC to monitoring germination and morphological description of the resulting seedlings. A second experiment was evaluated for substrate efficiency: paper roll, on and between paper, on and between sand in the germination of C. limetta seeds. Speed index, average time and relative frequency of germination were evaluated. In addition, date of the first and last germination count was established. Treatment averages were compared using the Tukey test at 5% probability. C. limetta seeds are ovoid, slightly wrinkled and polyembryonic. Germination is hypogeal, cryptocotylar or phanerocotylar. The seedlings have leathery eophylls with simple leaves, elliptical shape or close to the elliptical, tending to ovate. It has a pivoting root system that is colored yellow to cream with the presence of secondary roots. The average germination time is between 18 and 22 days. The substrate indicated for seed germination is on paper.
RESUMO: Objetivou-se com o presente trabalho estudar a morfologia de sementes e plântulas, além de se obter informações sobre o tipo e tempo da germinação das sementes de limão-doce em cinco substratos (em papel mata-borrão, entre papel mata-borrão, em areia esterilizada lavada, entre areia esterilizada lavada e em rolo de papel). Sementes de C. limetta foram mensuradas suas dimensões e realizada a descrição externa. Posteriomente, semeadas entre areia e mantidas à 25 ºC para acompanhamento da germinação e descrição morfologica das plântulas resultantes. Um segundo experimento foi avaliado quanto a eficiência dos substratos: rolo de papel, sobre e entre papel, sobre e entre areia na germinação de sementes de C. limetta. Foram avaliados o índice de velocidade, o tempo médio e a frequência relativa da germinação. Além disso, foi estabelecida a data da primeira e última contagem da germinação. As médias dos tratamentos foram comparadas pelo teste de Tukey a 5% de probabilidade. As sementes de C. limetta são ovoides, levemente enrugadas e poliembrionicas. A germinação é hipógea, criptocotiledonar ou fanerocotiledonar. As plântulas apresentam eofilos coriáceos com folhas simples, formato elíptico ou próximo do elíptico, tendendo para ovado. Apresenta sistema radicular pivotante coloração de amarelo a creme com presença de raízes secundárias. O tempo médio de germinação é entre 18 e 22 dias. O substrato indicado para germinação das sementes é sobre papel.
To identify the frequency of vitamin A deficiency in children aged 6 months to 5 years hospitalized for pneumonia.
An integrative literature review was carried out, where searches were made by two ...independent researchers, with no language limits or publication time in the databases PubMed, LILACS, Web of Science, Scopus and CINAHL, and in the gray literature-OpenGrey, Proquest and Google Scholar. In the eligibility phase, the screened studies were read in full and those that did not answer the research question were excluded. Methodological quality was assessed using the Downs & Black (1998) checklist.
1642 articles were identified, after all stages of screening and selection, 10 studies were included, of which 5 were longitudinal, 4 were intervention and 1 transversal. All studies identified subclinical vitamin A deficiency in children hospitalized with pneumonia; the highest frequency of subclinical vitamin A deficiency was 93.2%. All studies evaluated showed frequencies of subclinical vitamin A deficiency >20%.
There is a high frequency of subclinical vitamin A deficiency in children with pneumonia; these data need to be further explored in terms of their associations. For this reason, new studies that evaluate this topic are of fundamental importance.
Blood collection from dogs is the most commonly performed procedure in the medical clinic. However, different factors can interfere with the quality of the material collected, potentially causing ...complications for patients. Simulated skill training is a teaching strategy designed to provide early training to students, develop their skills and self-confidence, and increase the procedure's success while reducing complications. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate skill training using a low-fidelity simulator in the peripheral venipuncture procedure and examine the training's influence on the
procedure.
To assess skill training, this study used a low-fidelity simulator in the peripheral venipuncture procedure and examines the training's effect on the
procedure. In total, 100 dogs, 65 undergraduate students, 3 veterinarians, and 4 previously trained evaluators participated. The canine
venipuncture procedure was evaluated both before and after the simulated skill training and the low-fidelity simulator training. Data were collected on participants' self-confidence levels.
Local complications occurred during
practice; however, after training, they decreased. Gloves were more frequently used during the procedure, resulting in a reduction of both harvest attempts and complications, as well as increased levels of self-confidence in post-training participants. The simulator developed had low fidelity, low cost, and was easy to create.
Skill training in peripheral venipuncture using a low-fidelity simulator positively influences student learning, increases their self-confidence during
harvesting, and reduces the complications of the procedure, improving patient well-being.
It has been demonstrated that maternal low protein during development induces mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress in the heart. Moderate-intensity exercise in early life, conversely, ...increases the overall cardiac health. Thus, we hypothesize that moderate-intensity exercise performed during young age could ameliorate the deleterious effect of maternal protein deprivation on cardiac bioenergetics.
We used a rat model of maternal protein restriction during gestational and lactation period followed by an offspring treadmill moderate physical training. Pregnant rats were divided into two groups: normal nutrition receiving 17% of casein in the diet and undernutrition receiving a low-protein diet (8% casein). At 30 days of age, the male offspring were further subdivided into sedentary (NS and LS) or exercised (NT and LT) groups. Treadmill exercise was performed as follows: 4 weeks, 5 days/week, 60 min/day at 50% of maximal running capacity. Our results showed that a low-protein diet decreases oxidative metabolism and mitochondrial function associated with higher oxidative stress. In contrast, exercise rescues mitochondrial capacity and promotes a cellular resilience to oxidative stress. Up-regulation of cardiac sirtuin 1 and 3 decreased acetylation levels, redeeming from the deleterious effect of protein restriction.
Our findings show that moderate daily exercise during a young age acts as a therapeutical intervention opposing the harmful effects of a maternal diet restricted in protein.
•Maternal low-protein diet impairs mitochondrial biology in the young heart.•Early moderate exercise restores mitochondrial capacity in undernourished rats.•Exercise positive modulates antioxidant nonenzymatic compounds.•Exercise rescues oxidative balance in malnourished rats by modulating sirtuins.
The diversity of species in Amazonia is exceptionally vast and unique, and it is of great interest for industry sectors to explore the potential of derivatives with functional properties for ...packaging applications. This study proposes the functionalization of cellulose micro/nanofibril (MFC/NFC) suspensions from Heteropsis flexuosa with andiroba oil to produce films with packaging potential. MFC/NFC was produced by using mechanical fibrillation from suspensions of H. flexuosa fibers. Proportions of 1, 3, and 5% of andiroba oil were added to make films with concentrations of 1% (m/m). Suspensions with andiroba oil provided greater viscosity, with changes in the physical properties of the films. Functionalization with andiroba oil provided films with lower degradation in water, greater contact angle, and lower wettability despite high permeability to water vapor. The films with 1% andiroba oil showed a hydrophobic characteristic (contact angle > 90°) and greater puncture resistance (6.70 N mm−1). Films with 3% oil showed a more transparent appearance and high biodegradation, while 1% oil generated more opaque films with a higher thermal degradation temperature and high antioxidant activity. It was concluded that films produced from H. flexuosa fibers functionalized with andiroba oil showed packaging potential for light, low-moisture products due to their adequate thermal and barrier characteristics.
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•Dutasteride (DU) and Tamsulosin (TA) was loaded in transdermal microemulsions.•A simultaneous quantification of DU and TA was developed by the UV–vis spectroscopy.•DU–TA loaded ...Microemulsions showed nanometric size, stability and low viscosity.•DU–TA loaded Microemulsions has great potential for benign prostatic hyperplasia.
Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a condition characterized by a benign enlargement of the prostate that interferes with the normal flow of urine. This disease is treated with the oral administration of combination therapy comprising α-blockers (tamsulosin) and 5α-reductase inhibitors (dutasteride). However, these compounds have low bioavailability. Thus, transdermal microemulsions aimed at promoting permeation and efficient targeted drug delivery through the skin are used. The objectives of this study were to obtain microemulsions of the combined doses of dutasteride and tamsulosin and evaluate their anti-hyperplastic activity in vivo. A phase diagram (4:1) was obtained for the choice of microemulsions. The microemulsions were characterized in terms of the droplet size, rheology, pH, conductivity, refractive index, in vitro release profile, and antihyperplastic effect in vivo. A method for the simultaneous quantification of drugs was developed using UV–vis spectroscopy. The microemulsions had an average size less than 116 nm, an acidic pH and low viscosity. The conductivity ranged from 6.18 to 185.2 μS/cm. The in vitro release profile was sustained for 6 h. Microemulsions promoted the reduction in the size of testosterone-dependent organs (prostate and seminal vesicles). Transdermal formulations for the treatment of BPH were obtained as a therapeutic alternative to conventional treatments.
Studies have demonstrated that thyroid hormone (T3) can precondition the heart against ischaemic injury and improve post-ischaemic recovery. This study investigated whether the AT2 receptor (AT2R) is ...involved in cardioprotection and the potential molecular mechanism responsible for this effect. Hyperthyroidism was induced in male wild-type (WT) and AT2R knockout (KO) mice by administering daily intraperitoneal injections of T3 (7 μg/100 g body weight) for 14 days. The mouse hearts were harvested and perfused with a Krebs–Henseleit solution at a constant flow in a Langendorff set-up. After 30 min of stabilization, the hearts were subjected to global ischaemia for 20 min and reperfused for 45 min. Baseline cardiac function was assessed by measuring four parameters: LVDP (mmHg), heart rate (bpm), + d
P
/d
t
and − d
P
/d
t
(mmHg/s). After reperfusion, the total protein from cardiac ventricles was obtained, and the Akt signalling pathway and NO production were evaluated. Post-ischaemic functional recovery was significantly greater (
p
< 0.05) in the T3-treated WT mice compared to the control, demonstrating the cardioprotective effect of T3. This effect was abolished in T3-treated KO mice, demonstrating the physiological relevance of AT2R to the cardioprotective phenotype induced by T3. Akt activation, iNOS expression and NO production increased in cardiac tissue after T3 treatment in the WT animals, but no difference was observed after treatment in the KO mice. This study indicates that AT2R acts as a cardioprotector in the case of hyperthyroidism. Strategies targeting AT2R agonists might improve cardiac function through NO production and suggest potential therapeutic targets for heart diseases.
•Cypermethrin and methomyl induce DNA damage in blood and liver of pregnant rats.•Maternal exposure to both pesticides induces DNA damage in offspring tissues.•Maternal exposure to melatonin inhibits ...cypermethrin genotoxic effects in dams.•Maternal exposure to melatonin inhibits cypermethrin genotoxic effects in pups.
Exposure of pregnant women to pesticides in an occupational or incidental manner has been pointed out as a possible cause of health problems in newborns. Cypermethrin and methomyl are insecticides whose active compounds and metabolites can cause harm to the health of pregnant women and their offspring. Both contribute to increases in the concentrations of oxidizing agents that damage DNA, causing mutations. Thus, the use of antioxidant substances, such as melatonin, could serve as protection against genetic damage, reducing the problems caused by insecticides. Here, we evaluated the protective effect of exogenous melatonin in adult rats and their offspring exposed to methomyl and cypermethrin during the gestational period. Thirty adult rats were divided into five groups from the first day of pregnancy: NC - negative control, Mth received 0.02 mg/kg/day of methomyl, Cyp received 0.05 mg/kg/day cypermethrin, MthMl received 0.02 mg/kg/day methomyl combined with 10 mg/kg/day melatonin, and CypMl received 0.05 mg/kg/day cypermethrin combined with 10 mg/kg/day melatonin. Blood and liver samples were collected from the dams; blood, liver, and brain samples were collected from the offspring. All tissues were used for comet assay; blood was used for micronucleus test. Our results demonstrate that cypermethrin and methomyl induce significant genetic damage in the tissues of dams and offspring. Treatment with melatonin significantly reduced cypermethrin-induced genetic damage in dams and pups; however, melatonin was not effective against the genetic damage caused by methomyl. Thus, melatonin may be considered a promising agent for the reduction of genotoxic effects induced by cypermethrin but appears to be inefficient against the genotoxic effects caused by methomyl, probably due to differences in the metabolism of each pesticide.
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The present study evaluated the role of heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1)/carbon monoxide (CO) pathway in the cholera toxin-induced diarrhea and its possible action mechanism. The ...pharmacological modulation with CORM-2 (a CO donor) or Hemin (a HO-1 inducer) decreased the intestinal fluid secretion and Cl− efflux, altered by cholera toxin. In contrast, ZnPP (a HO-1 inhibitor) reversed the antisecretory effect of Hemin and potentiated cholera toxin-induced intestinal secretion. Moreover, CORM-2 also prevented the alteration of intestinal epithelial architecture and local vascular permeability promoted by cholera toxin. The intestinal absorption was not altered by any of the pharmacological modulators. Cholera toxin inoculation also increased HO-1 immunoreactivity and bilirubin levels, a possible protective physiological response. Finally, using fluorometric technique, ELISA assay and molecular docking simulations, we show evidence that CO directly interacts with cholera toxin, forming a complex that affects its binding to GM1 receptor, which help explain the antisecretory effect. Thus, CO is an essential molecule for protection against choleric diarrhea and suggests its use as a possible therapeutic tool.
Morus nigra has been used popularly for several proposes, including diabetic. In an attempt to support medicinal value, the acute hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic, and antioxidant effects of the ethanolic ...extract of Morus nigra (EEMn 200 or 400 mg/kg b.w.) were evaluated in normal and alloxan-induced diabetic treated for 14 days. Serum biochemical and antioxidant analysis were performed at the end of experiment. Oral glucose tolerance test was performed at 10th and 15th days. Chromatographic analysis by HPLC-DAD of EEMn was performed. Insulin was used as positive control to glycemic metabolism as well as fenofibrate to lipid metabolism. EEMn (400 mg/kg/day) reduced fasting and postprandial glycaemia, improved oral glucose tolerance, and reduced lipolysis and proteolysis in diabetic rats. EEMn decreased the blood levels of total cholesterol and increased HDL level when compared to the diabetic control rats. At higher levels, EEMn reduced triglycerides and VLDL levels in diabetic rats. Also, EEMn reduced malondialdehyde and increased the reduced glutathione levels in liver of diabetic rats. Chromatographic analysis identified the presence of the flavonoids rutin, isoquercetin, and kaempferitrin. Acute EEMn treatment reduced hyperglycemia, improved oral glucose tolerance, and minimized dyslipidemia and oxidative stress leading to a reduction in atherogenic index in alloxan-induced diabetic rats.
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